History 20th century america Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

History 20th century america - Movie Review Example All this helps better understand why film is such a valuable source which, if properly analyzed, can uncover a lot of information about the historical period when it was created. Within the majority of modern western cultures there are films that are traditionally perceived as defining national cinematographies. In the United States there can be found many such exemplary films as well. But few other movies can rival such acknowledged masterpieces as "The Birth of a Nation", filmed by D. W. Griffith and premiered in 1915, and "Gone With the Wind", produced by 1939 by cooperative effort of David O. Selznick and Victor Fleming. Being separated by almost a quarter of century, an immensely long period for the explosively advancing genre of cinematography, both of those films in their respective period of time boldly set new standards for film making that would define the future cinematographic approaches. But aside from their purely artistic and professional merits, it is not less important to mention that "The Birth of a Nation" and "Gone With the Wind" fully comply with our observation of the preservative function of film. Indeed, what makes these films invalua ble is their record of controversial views on the acute racial problems that emerged during the post-Civil War emancipation of former black American slaves, and which were also urgent in the days of the films production. With these observations in mind, let us investigate how black Americans are portrayed in the film "The Birth of a Nation", how does the film represent the Ku Klux Klan and its role in the Southern life, and what do "The Birth of a Nation" and its reception reveal about white Americans attitudes toward blacks in the early twentieth century. Also, let us contrast such observations with "Gone with the Wind" with its own interpretation of the post-Civil War emancipation. Since the dawn of cinema, the American Civil War has been the main theme for numerous directors, but one of the most prominent figures in the history of cinematography in its preoccupation with the topic of the Civil War was D. W. Griffith. Films of Griffith, whose father was a former Confederate Colonel, were definitely influenced by the late nineteenth-century Southern Romance novelists with their stories of aristocratic owners of plantations, Southern beauties, and faithful slaves (Wagenknecht 1975, pp. 28-29). During his celebrated career, Griffith produced thirteen silent films that touched the topic of the Civil War. Among these, "The Birth of a Nation", premiered in 1915, is most well-known, largely due to its debatable and openly racist stance. The film is based on the play "The Clansman" of Thomas Dixon, which extols the Ku Klux Klan as the redeemer of Aryan race endangered after the period of the Reconstruction. However, despite its problematic representation of racial issu es, this film is nevertheless the landmark American masterpiece not only among the Civil War films, but in the whole field of cinematography, so that everyone who studies the history of film must study "The Birth of a N

Decisions in Paradise Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Decisions in Paradise Paper - Essay Example Issues Kava is an island located in the South Pacific. The country has certain social problems due to the fact that the region has a very diverse ethnic and cultural background. Diversity can lead to problems of segmentation between the populations. Another issue with the population of Kava is that the age composition is extremely low. In Kava over 50% of the population is under the age of 15. For business a population with such a low median age is bad because minors are not a part of the labor force of a nation. There are health concerns within the population of Kava. The country has been hit hard by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. If a lot of the employees are infected with the HIV virus this could have a negative impact on the company because the insurance costs are going to be high. Another issue with the population of Kava is that a large portion is indigenous. Indigenous cultures tend to have lower levels of formal education in comparison with urban cultures. A major business risk of do ing business in Kava is that the region is susceptible to multiple natural disasters scenarios including earthquakes, tsunamis, tornados, floods, fires, volcanic eruptions, and hurricanes. The Kava territory is also susceptible to terrorist threats from internal and external sources. Problem Statement Kava is a country that has had troubles attracting foreign investment due to the underdevelopment of the region and the high risk of natural disasters. There is nothing the people of Kava can do about the inherent business risk that nature poses to companies that penetrate this marketplace. Environmental Analysis Doing business in Kava is a high risk proposition for Starbucks Cafe. The country is susceptible to many kinds of natural disasters. To offset the risk of this proposition the company can invest in insurance, but the premiums are going to be high. Despite the country’s susceptibility to natural disasters the country has valuable strategic agricultural crops for Starbuck s Cafe including coffee and cocoa. Due to the high unemployment and necessity of the region Kava would be a perfect location to implement a fair trade coffee plantation. Stakeholders Perspective There are numerous stakeholders that must be considered in any expansion plan into Kava. As a company investing in a foreign market the firm must act in the best interest of the shareholders. The shareholders of Starbucks Cafe expect expansion projects to generate a profit. To accept the project its net present value (NPV) must be higher than cero (Besley & Brigham, 2000). A second stakeholder group that must be considered is the government of Kava. The government of Kava is looking for ways to decrease the unemployment rate and increase its tax revenues. The only way for the government to achieve those goals is by attracting foreign investment. A third stakeholders group that has to be considered is the population of Kava. There are a lot of children living in Kava. Employing the adult popu lation will enable the parents to be able to provide food, medicine, and shelter to the innocent children. A large portion of the population of Kava is composed of indigenous people. Protecting their unique culture and identity is important. The diversity of the population

Muscle Stretching Exercise for Primary Dysmenorrhoea Pain

Muscle Stretching Exercise for Primary Dysmenorrhoea Pain CHAPTER-V DISCUSSION, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, IMPLICATIONS, LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS DISCUSSION â€Å"Dysmenorrhoea† is derived from a Greek word and the meaning of this Greek word is difficult menstrual flow. The two divisions of dysmenorrhoea are primary and secondary. Primary dysmenorrhoea is defined as recurrent, crampy pain occurring with menstruation in the absence of significant pelvic pathology. Primary dysmenorrhoea is caused by myometrial activity resulting in uterine ischemia causing pain. Primary dysmenorrhoea is characterized by a crampy, suprapubic pain and this pain starts several hours before and a few hours after the onset of menstruation. And this pain is characteristically colicky and located in the midline of the lower abdomen but sometimes the pain may extends to lower quadrants, the lumbar area, and the thighs. The associated symptoms of primary dysmenorrhoea are diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting, fatigue, light-headedness, headache, dizziness and, rarely, syncope and fever. Age is a determinant factor of primary dysmenorrhoea, the symptoms being more pronounced in adolescents than in older women (SOGC-primary dysmenorrhoea consensus guidelines) The present study was designed to assess the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercise on pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students in KMCH College of Nursing, Coimbatore. The major findings of the study were analyzed statistically and discussed below based on objectives: The first objective of the study was to identify the Prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students Demographic Description It is seen that among 50 subjects, regarding the age, most of the subjects were under 20 years of old that means from 17 to 20.In respect of year of study, primary dysmenorrhoea was high in III year B.Sc Nursing students (72.84 per cent).With regard to age at menarche 54(per cent) attained menarche at and below 13 years and 46 (per cent) attained menarche at 14 years and above. Regarding their Body Mass Index, 40 (per cent) of students were 18.1 to 20 and 34 per cent of students were 20.1 and above. Agarwal, (2010) conducted an explorative survey technique with a co-relational approach to find out thethe prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea in adolescent girls from the study he concluded that primary dysmenorrhoea is a very common problem among adolescent girls. Prevalence rate of primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students The prevalence rate of primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students was 61.25 per cent. The prevalence rate of primary dysmenorrhoea was high in third year B.Sc Nursing students (72.84 per cent). Shah et al., (2013) conducted a cross sectional study at nursing college, situated in campus of largest tertiary care hospital in central and south Gujarat, to find out the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea in young females. The sample size was 116. Out of 116 students, 52 (45 per cent) had primary dysmenorrhoea and the peak incidence in between 19 to 21.So the prevalence primary dysmenorrhoea is high in young female population. Such high prevalence makes dysmenorrhoea a significant public health problem among young students that demands some attention from policy makers also. Nag reported (1982) the incidence rate of primary dysmenorrhoea in India is 60 (per cent).But the true incidence and prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea are not clearly established in India. The second objective of the study was to assess the degree of pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students. The degree of pain during primary dysmenorrhoea was measured by numerical pain scale. The investigator found that out of 50 students about 20(40 per cent) students the degree of pain was 5 and below 5, next 20(40 per cent) of students the degree of pain was from 6 to 7 and the last 10(20 per cent) students the degree of pain was 8 and above 8 that means up to 10. The degree of discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea was measured by primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort rating scale. The investigator found that out of 50 students about 11(22 per cent)students the degree of discomfort was 60 and below 60,17(34 per cent) students the degree of discomfort was from 61 to 70 and 22(44 per cent)students the degree of discomfort was 71 and above 71 that means up to 108. Banikarim et al., (1999) conducted a cross sectional research study in that he found among 705 subjects 27(per cent) had mild primary dysmenorrhoea pain, 32 (per cent) had moderate and 41% had severe primary dysmenorrhoea pain. Other discomforts that associated with primary dysmenorrhoea were fatigue (67 per cent), backache (56 per cent), dizziness (28 per cent), vomiting (12 per cent) and headache (58 per cent). Primary dysmenorrhoea is a common cause for severe disruption to the lives of adolescent girls. Therefore the health workers should educate the female girls regarding the treatment options for primary dysmenorrhoea in order to reduce the existing health and college limitations caused by primary dysmenorrhoea. Al-Kindi and Al-Bulushi revealed in their research 94 (per cent) of the participants had primary dysmenorrhoea. Primary dysmenorrhoea was mild in 21 per cent, moderate in 41(per cent) of subjects, and severe in 32 (per cent) of subjects. Primary dysmenorrhoea resulted in limited sports activities in 81 (per cent), class concentration in 75 (per cent) of subjects, limited homework in 59 (per cent) of cases, College absenteeism in 45 (per cent) of subjects, limited social activities in 25(per cent), and decreased study performance in 8 (per cent) of the affected subjects. The third objective of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercise on pain during primary dysmenorrhoea. The mean pre-test primary dysmenorrhoea pain score was 5.72 and post test primary dysmenorrhoea pain was 2.18 and the computed value of‘t’ was 16.09.So the calculated ‘t’ value was more than table ‘t’ value (2.021) at 49 degree of freedom, therefore the calculated ‘t’ value was significant at 0.05 level. It was statistically proved that muscle stretching exercise was effective to reduce pain during primary dysmenorrhoea. The mean pre-test primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort score was 67.74 and post test primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort was 45.54 and the computed value of‘t’ was 14.08.So the calculated ‘t’ value was more than table ‘t’ value(2.021)at 49 degree of freedom, therefore the calculated ‘t’ value was significant at 0.05 level. It was statistically proved that muscle stretching exercise was effective to reduce discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea. Shahr-jerdy et al., (2012) conducted a research to assess the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercise on primary dysmenorrhoea. The participants were randomly divided into 2 groups: an experimental group (n = 124) and a control group (n = 55). After muscle stretching exercise intervention the pain intensity was reduced from 7.65 to 4.88, and primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort was decreased from 7.48 to 3.86(p Onur et al., (2012) assessed the effect of home-based exercise on pain intensity and quality of life in women with primary dysmenorrhoea. The sample size was 45.The data collection tools were Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), visual analogue scale (VAS), and SF-36 health survey. A standard home-based exercise intervention was instructed for all participants, and the outcome measures were re-collected during three consecutive menstrual cycles. At the end of the study VAS showed a significant reduction (P SOGC Primary Dysmenorrhoea Consensus Guidelines (2005) shows in a review of 4 randomized controlled trials and in 2 observational studies, exercise was effective to reduce primary dysmenorrhoea symptoms. A more recent research pointed out that vigorous exercises (more than 3 times per week) effective to reduce the physical symptoms related to menstruation. The fourth objective of the study was to associate the level of pain during primary dysmenorrhoea with selected demographic variables. The chi-square test showed that there was no significant association between the pre-test post test primary dysmenorrhoea pain and discomfort scores with selected demographic variables such as age, year of study, age at menarche, and Body Mass Index. Weissman et al., (2004) conducted a study to explain the prevalence, course, severity, and predictive factors of primary dysmenorrhoea in women of all reproductive ages. And they did not find any significant association between primary dysmenorrhoea and age at menarche Chauhan Kala (2012) found the incidence rate of primary dysmenorrhoea was high in low Body Mass Index ( SUMMARY Primary dysmenorrhoea is a common health problem of adolescent females. So they need further education regarding the treatment options for primary dysmenorrhoea in order to decrease the existing health and college limitations caused by primary dysmenorrhoea (Banikarim et al., 1999).Keeping in this view, the researcher aimed to conduct a study to assess the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercises on pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students in KMCH college of nursing at Coimbatore. The objectives of the study were To identify the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students To assess the degree of pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students. To evaluate the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercises on pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea. To associate the level of pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea with selected demographic variables. Review of literature helped the researcher to collect the relevant information to support the study, to design the methodology and to develop the tools. The sample size was 50 B.Sc Nursing students. The one group pretest post-test was designed by the investigator to assess the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercises on pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students.50 B.Sc Nursing students were selected by purposive sampling technique. The research tool was developed and adopted after reviewing the relevant literature. The tools were numerical pain scale for measuring pain and primary dysmenorrhoea rating scale for measuring discomfort of primary dysmenorrhoea. The collected data was analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics based on the formulated objectives of the study. The tested and accepted the hypothesis that there is a significant reduction in primary dysmenorrhoea pain and after muscle stretching exercises. Major findings of the study The total incidence rate of primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students were 61.25(per cent).It shows the students had dreadful pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea. According to the pre-test primary dysmenorrhoea pain score more than half (60 per cent) of students had the pain score 6 and above 6. But in the post-test primary dysmenorrhoea pain score only 24 per cent of students had the pain score 4 and above 4 According to the pre-test primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort score more than half (78 per cent) of students had the discomfort score 61 and above 61. But in the post-test primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort score only 30 per cent of students had the pain score 49 and above 49. Mean difference of pre-test post-test primary dysmenorrhoea pain score was 3.54.Mean difference of pre-test post-test primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort score was22.2. Mean score of pre-test primary dysmenorrhoea pain was 5.72,mean score of post-test primary dysmenorrhoea pain was 2.18.It shows the subjects had a significant reduction in their pain after muscle stretching exercise intervention.(P Mean score of pre-test primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort was 67.74,mean score of post-test primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort was 45.54.It shows the subjects had a significant reduction in their discomfort after muscle stretching exercise intervention.(P There was no association between pre-test post-test primary dysmenorrhoea pain and discomfort scores with selected demographic variables. CONCLUSION The following conclusion is made on the light of above findings that most of the students suffer moderate to severe pain and discomfort during menstruation. Muscle stretching exercises are the effective, simple, non-medicinal measure to reduce the pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea. This research can make an awareness regarding how to manage primary dysmenorrhoea pain and discomfort among Nursing students, College lectures and parents. Muscle stretching exercises are the effective, safe, less time consuming form of therapy for students with primary dysmenorrhoea. It can be implemented into clinical practice and health education in order to increase the quality of life for students with primary dysmenorrhoea. IMPLICATIONS: The world around us is growing very fastly. Society has tremendous technological advancement in day to day life practice to managing pain that arise from unsound body mechanism. Although the natural methods of pain control is acceptable and accessible to everyone in this world because the natural methods does not have any side effect. Therefore the health care providers have the responsibility for providing support and comfort to female adolescents during menstruation. Nursing Practice A midwife can practice planned education programme to impart knowledge and skill in management of primary dysmenorrhoea. Midwife can teach medicinal, non-medicinal, and conventional practices for managing primary dysmenorrhoea. Midwifery nurses can conduct camp for school and college students regarding how to manage primary dysmenorrhoea. Understand the importance of muscle stretching exercise for managing primary dysmenorrhoea. Encourage the doctors to differentiate the primary dysmenorrhoea from secondary dysmenorrhoea and offer treatment if necessary. Nursing Education This study helps the student nurses to gain more idea regarding how to differentiate primary dysmenorrhoea from secondary dysmenorrhoea. The nurse educator can encourage the student nurses to conduct research based on the other complementary therapies for managing primary dysmenorrhoea. The nurse educator can encourage the student nurses to conduct research among adolescent girls regarding the prevalence rate and risk of primary dysmenorrhoea. Encourage the student nurses to participate in exercise progrmmes for managing primary dysmenorrhoea. Nurse educator can encourage the student nurses to educate the health professionals about primary dysmenorrhoea, its severity and its impact on adolescent health. Nursing Research This study gives guidance for further studies to conduct in this area. This is important to identify the existing prevalence rate, risk factors, and medicinal, non-medicinal, and complementary therapies of primary dysmenorrhoea. The evident from other literatures indicates more research in the area of primary dysmenorrhoea management. Nursing Administration Nurse administrator can plan and organize camp for school and college students regarding the complementary therapies for managing primary dysmenorrhoea. Programme for nurse midwives to update their knowledge regarding menstruation related complications of adolescents. Local mass media can be used to popularize muscle stretching exercise as a conventional therapy for managing primary dysmenorrhoea. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The study was limited to B.Sc Nursing students of 17-21 years The study samples were taken from only one college The short term effect of the muscle stretching exercise only assessed RECOMMENDATIONS A similar study can be conducted in larger group to generalize the findings. A long term study to reinforce the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercise can be undertaken. An extensive descriptive study to assess the knowledge attitude and practice of primary dysmenorrhoea among adolescent girls can be conducted. A study can be conducted to assess the incidence rate of primary dysmenorrhoea. A similar study we can conduct to findout the effectiveness of non-medicinal interventions for primary dysmenorrhoea. A similar study we can conduct to find out the effectiveness of conventional therapies for managing primary dysmenorrhoea. A comparative study we can conduct between medicinal and non-medicinal treatment of primary dysmenorrhoea. A similar study can be conducted to know the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercise on pre-menstrual symptoms also. ABSTRACT Title of the study: â€Å"A study to assess the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercises on pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students in KMCH College of Nursing, Coimbatore. Objectives of the study were as follows, identify the prevalence of primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students, determine the degree of pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea among B.Sc Nursing students, evaluate the effectiveness of muscle stretching exercise on pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea, associate the level of pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea with selected demographic variables. One group pretest and post test design was adopted. Setting of the study was KMCH College of Nursing, Coimbatore. Sample was 50 B.Sc Nursing students with primary dysmenorrhoea. Sampling technique was Non probability purposive sampling technique was adopted. The model of this study was developed from Titler et al (2004) Effectiveness model. M enstrual pain perception level was measured by using numerical pain scale and primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort was assessed by primary dysmenorrhoea discomfort assessing rating scale. Muscle stretching exercise was given to the subjects five days per week about 30 min, under the supervision of investigator. Result of the study had shown significant effect of muscle stretching exercises on pain and discomfort during primary dysmenorrhoea. This is proved by paired‘t’ test. The paired‘t’ value for pain and exercise was16.09 (p

Atlantic Bluefin Tuna Essay -- Fishing Marine Life Essays

Atlantic Bluefin Tuna The Atlantic bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus is a sleek, fast-moving giant that once lived efficiently in the world's oceans for millions of years. This marvel of evolution has endured countless hardships of climate change, predators, and shifts in prey populations, however, nothing compares to the pressures placed on the bluefin by the fishery today. It is a species in dire need of preservation. The Atlantic Bluefin tuna cruise the coasts of the Northern Atlantic and migrate as far as the southern coasts of Brazil. Weighing as much as 1,500 pounds, growing up to 15ft in length, and swimming as fast as 50 miles per hour, these fish are built for speed and endurance. (WWW. site, cnie.org) Living as long as 30 years, they reach sexual maturity at approximately eight years and almost exclusively breed in the Gulf of Mexico waters. Spawning is a necessity that involves a community of bluefin and results in a relatively small number of surviving offspring. Once mature, because of their size, bluefin tuna have relatively few predators.(Kumai,1998) Prior to the 1960's this population was estimated to be as large as a quarter of a million, however with the introduction of international interests in canned tuna, the population suffered severely. Today, over 90 percent of the estimated stock has been depleted, and the relentless fishing pressure continues, prompted by the demand of the Japanese market.(Safina,1998) Fishermen throughout the world are attracted to the bluefin because of its extremely high value. In the beginning, bluefin were fished primarily for canned food purposes, and possessed little intrinsic value within the economic market. Unfortunately this is presently not the case due to minimal supply... ...24, n6 (Nov-Dec, 1994): 18. Kumai, H. Studies on bluefin tuna artificial hatching, rearing, and reproduction. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, v.64, n.4, 1998:601-605. Matsuda, H; Yahara, T; Uozumi, Y. Is tuna critically endangered? Extinction risk of a large and over exploited population. Ecological Research, v.12, n.3, 1997:345-356. Safina, Carl. Song for the Blue Ocean: encounters along the worlds coasts and beneath the seas. 1st ed. New York, Henry Holt, 1998, xviii. Sissenwine, Micheal P., Pamela M.; Powers, Joseph E, Scott, Gerald P., A commentary on western Atlantic bluefin tuna assessments. Transaction of the American Fisheries Society, v.127, n.5, Sept. 1995, 838-855. Smith, Timothy K. The big rush: a giant bluefin is fought and landed; then things get exciting.(Process of catching and exporting bluefin to Japan) Fortune. V134, n10 (Nov 25, 1996):146

Different arguments of civil society by katy pace

Different arguments of civil society by katy pace BY Tuni127 Katie Pace Civil Society and its Definitions While generally acknowledged to consist of privately formed social organizations, civil society remains an ambiguous conception prone to diverse interpretations. As a Western idea, first made famous by Alexis de Tocqueville in his analysis of American democracy, its application worldwide and in nations with differing social, religious, economic and political backgrounds has created debate about what civil society is and how civil society influences or is influenced by government.Tocqueville first presented civil society to the West as voluntary, non-political social organizations that strengthen democracy preventing a tyranny of the majority. Associations, which can be â€Å"religious, moral, serious, futile, general or restricted, enormous or diminutive†, protect diversity by uniting equal but weak individuals into powerful groups. These associations prevent the fragmenta tion of society by forcing men to consider the affairs of others and to work with their neighbors.According to Tocqueville, the equality and individualism fostered by democracy convince men that hey need nothing from nor owe anything to their neighbors; thus, without civil society, they would isolate themselves from the community. Finally, Tocqueville argues that civil society fosters the social norms and trust necessary for people to work together and teaches individuals to appreciate and effectively use their liberties. Consequently, civil society promotes democracy and checks despotism.Many Western writers wholeheartedly accepted Tocqueville's definition of civil society. In both his book, Making Democracy Work, and his article, Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America, Robert Putnam treats ivil society, also called social capital, as â€Å"features of social life- networks, norms and trust- that enable participants to act together more effec tively to pursue shared objectives†. Putnam argues that social capital influences citizen engagement in the community, which in turn influences government.A developed civil society is necessary for democracy to work well, for it relies on and develops the trust among individuals and the leadership skills necessary for a representative government. The author of the Solitary Bowler agrees that â€Å"the association-forming habit† is â€Å"the stuff if civil society'. His discussion of the decline of civil society in America is based on his Tocquevillean definition of civil society as a network of voluntary associations.Though the author acknowledges that American civil society may simply be undergoing metamorphosis and not disappearing, he holds fast to his Western view by drawing the reader's attention to new types of voluntary associations which fit snuggly into his definition. The article, Bowling Alone, also focuses on new forms of social capital, but it does not red efine social capital. Other writers question Tocqueville's definition and analysis of civil society.In his article, The Importance of Being Modular, Ernest Gellner agrees that civil society is â€Å"that set ot diverse non-governmental institutions, which is strong enough to counterbalance the state†¦ whilst not preventing the state from fulfilling its role of keeper of the peace and arbitrator between major interests†. However, he argues that this definition is deficient because it includes elements of plural societies that should not be considered examples of civil society.Gellner says a nation can have â€Å"a plural, non-centralized, but socially oppressive society' in which social order is aintained by local, kin-defined, religious and stifling rituals that leave no room for individual autonomy. Therefore, civicness cannot be determined by pluralism. Once must narrow the definition of civil society and take a closer look at a society's associations to see if they f all within the new definition. Sheri Berman attacks the traditional conception of civil society in, Civil Society and the Collapse of the Wiemar Republic. Prior to the nazi's rise to power, Germany society was a plethora of social institutions.Due to the lack of responsive national government and political parties, hese associations fragmented society instead of uniting it. Consequently, in an â€Å"inversion of neo-Tocquevillean theory', civil society weakened and eventually destroyed the Weimar Republic, replacing a democracy with a totalitarian regime. Consequently, Berman argues that associations should be considered â€Å"a politically neutral multiplier, dependent for its effects on the wider political context†. Once the concept of civil society was applied to the East, more objections were thrown at it.In his article, Orientalism, Islam and Islamists, Bryan Turner discusses the role of elativism and ethnocentrism in western analysis of Middle Eastern society. Turner d efines the Western viewpoint of civil society as â€Å"that network of institutions which lies between the state and individual and which simultaneously connects the individual to authority and protects the individual from total political control. † The West assumes that civil society is the main indication of social progress from a state of nature to one of civilization and from despotism to democracy.Defined by the West, despotism exists where â€Å"civil society is either absent or underdeveloped†. The estern concept of civil society is based on in individualism; thus, the West assumes there is â€Å"no established tradition of legitimate opposition to arbitrary governments in Islam† because Islam is â€Å"devoid of individual rights and individuality'. However, the West ignores similarities between Islam, Christianity and Judaism. Furthermore, the West accepts Islam's lack of social capital as the cause of its political instability and fails to examine othe r possibilities.Eva Bellin also questions the application of Tocqueville's civil society to eastern studies in her work, Civil Society: Effective Tools of Analysis for Middle East Politics?. Bellin argues that the term itself has a range of definitions. The West has applied this ambiguous term to the Middle East and determined that the region is â€Å"inhospitable to civil society'. Yet, the West ignores the use of the term by Middle Easterners themselves. Leaders call on civil society to promote projects of modernization. Islamists employ the concept to gain influence in the public sphere. Intellectuals use the term to increase individual liberty.Thus, civil society acquires elements of â€Å"secularism, citizenship, civisme, civility, civil iberties†, most of which would destroy despotism. Bellin concludes from this that the West should not dismiss the existence of civil society in the Middle East. Samu Zubaida also urges proponents of civil society to reexamine its defini tion in his article, Islam, the State and Democracy. He defines two concepts of civil society. The first, a secular-liberal definition, conceives ot civil society as voluntary associations that â€Å"foster individual autonomy and provide experience in the exercise of social and political rights and responsibilities†.For such associations to exist, the state must ithdraw from economic and associational life while creating â€Å"legislation and institutional mechanisms which provide the framework of rights and obligations for these spheres†. The second definition of civil society is an Islamic-communal definition that conceives of civil society as an â€Å"informal network of relationships† whose focus is property and business. Finally, Ibn Khaldun provides a conception of civil society that, while written long before debates about social capital began, could enlighten the West about civil society in the East.In The Maquaddimah, Khaldun's ivil society is based on group feeling and religion. A leader acquires power and a society acquires stability if the community is bonded by feelings of kinship and common descent and by connections between clients and allies. Religion strengthens these bonds by eliminating Jealousy and discord as the community focuses its energy on important goals. Group feeling can exist in harmony with an absolute ruler and its lack can destroy an empire, rendering a community vulnerable to outside control. The different approaches to civil society outlined above leave the reader with two pposing definitions of civil society.The first is a Tocquevillean definition in which civil society and democracy are assumed to complement each other. The second is a Middle Eastern definition in which civil society does not consist of formal groups whose existence is designed to achieve specific goals. Civil society is instead a series of informal relationships based on religious, familial and clientele connections that can and do exi st under undemocratic governments, for they are entirely beyond the government's sphere. These relationships have existed throughout Islamic history and continue to exist today.

Health Care Industry Paper Essay

Introduction In today’s society, healthcare and the issues surrounding the topic has went through some major changes within the last decade. Some of these changes in my opinion were decent and very important when it comes to providing exceptional quality care in this health care industry. Although some of the changes were not so reasonable in the eyes of most, these changes were in the best interest for the economy and for the improvement of the healthcare industry as a whole. In this paper the author will attempt to explain how the healthcare industry has changed over the last 10 years, the biggest change in healthcare in the next 10 years, and the role the author plan to have in the health care industry in the near future. The author will also explain how she would adapt her skills along with the industry’s needs, and how her perception has changed over the course of the program here at University of Phoenix. Finally the author will explain the most significant impact of the program, the role technology will play in healthcare organizations in the upcoming decade, and the financial and economic issues that will affect the healthcare industry in the next 10 years. Optimistically after the reader has carefully observed the content in this paper, he/she will have a better understanding of the delivery of healthcare and the changes that are made to ensure a better future for our health. How has health care changed in the last 10 years? Health care has changed dramatically over the last 10 years and the changes for the most part has been very successful in regards to delivering quality service in healthcare. One major change that has been very significant in healthcare is the dramatic decrease in the mount of hospital stays after a major surgery or procedure is done. In the past, an individual that  participated in a major surgery would have stayed confined to a hospital for at least a week to ensure proper healing and recovery. Now 10 years later several individuals may have the same surgery procedure conducted and will be home in a couple of hours, days, and in some cases the same day depending on the severity of the surgery. Technology has been a major contributing factor behind the improvement and delivery of quality healthcare within the last 10 years. According to Burchill 2010, technology is intended to assist several organizations accomplish specific tasks easier and more rapidly. An organization has to stay ahead of all the new changes and frequently shifting routines within the health care system (Burchill, 2010). Technology has ensured faster service when admitting patients, recovering patient’s information, and when providing surgical procedures that reduces the amount of time a patient has to spend in the hospital for recovery. What do you think will be the biggest change in health care in the next 10 years? There are some significant changes that I have observed recently that will be a dramatic change in healthcare in the next ten years. Some of those significant changes are; the rising costs of healthcare, lack of procedures covered under certain insurances, lack of access to care, and uninsured individuals. The most significant change is that now all individuals have access to care and are covered with insurance u nder the Affordable Care Act. By allowing all individuals to receive healthcare insurance and be given access to care this should more than likely reduce illnesses and motivate individuals to take advantage of the resources that are available under the insurance to better take care of themselves. Another big change that will be very significant in healthcare delivery will be through telemedicine. Telemedicine is where physicians and other healthcare providers can actually see and evaluate patients over the Internet. Many smaller communities in the United States are already utilizing telemedicine to great advantage (Burchill, 2010).Although telemedicine is a great way to deliver quality healthcare in a timely fashion, there is also a downside to the procedure as well. Telemedicine will in some way hinder the face to face communication between the doctor and patient that is vital in reducing errors. Most patients have a better understanding of what is expected of them when it is communicated clearly and effectively by their physician. Communication is the process of understanding and having meaning (Du Pre, 2005.) and it is  also the process of relaying information between people by the use of words, letters, symbols, or body language (Sallee & Forrest, 2005,). In my opinion I feel that telemedicine will decrease the moral as far as the Dr. and Patients are concerned. Although telemedicine may decrease a portion of the healthcare cost by less visits to the doctor, it will lose the value and importance of actually sitting down and talking with your doctor and receiving that one on one face to face time. Most patients are not even in tuned with technology and this can result in many errors and communication issues. What role do you plan to have in the industry? I think once I have entered the healthcare industry I will play a vital role in implementing fair but tough decision making when it comes to delivering efficient, friendly, quality healthcare. I feel that I will make reasonable decisions based on the enhancement of the facility while considering the needs of my patients and stakeholders as. I will be a leader that encourages a comfortable work environment where individuals are relaxed when reporting to work that will ultimately result in a productive staff that provides quality healthcare to our patients. How will you adapt your skills to evolve along with the industry’s needs? The skills that I have adapted here at University of Phoenix has changed my way of thinking. It has also assisted me with analyzing specific situations thinking outside of my way of thinking. So once I start working in the health care field, I will first observe my strengths and weaknesses within the organization, I would attempt to ask for advice on my weak areas, I will shadow other health care administrators, and I would also be willing to further my education to evolve with the industry’s needs if necessary. Has your perception of health care changed over the course of your program? What has had the most significant impact? Since I have been a student here at University of Phoenix my perception of healthcare has changed dramatically. I now have a better understanding of the different legal and state regulations that are involved, the stakeholders, and also how physicians and patients are billed for services received. This program has opened my eyes to a variety of situations that I did not know about in regards to healthcare. The most significant impact to me is the amount of individuals that were not covered under any type of insurance. I did not know that there were so many  uninsured individuals in the world. Now that I am aware of the problem of the uninsured, I am very satisfied with knowing that the Affordable Care Act will be something in motion to guarantee that all citizens will be covered under some type of insurance. What role will technology play in health care organizations in the coming decade? Technology will play a very important role in healthcare in the coming decade because technology in my opinion will become more advanced. I really do believe that most services such as x-rays, cat scans, etc. will be conducted without the patients leaving the comfort of their own home. What financial and economic issues will affect the health care industry in the next 10 years? I believe that with all the new technology out there, there will be more ‘baby boomers† and individuals living and this will have a significant impact on the health care industry in the next 10 years. The healthcare cost will rise significantly because with these individuals living longer there has to be individuals there to care for them and health services must be provided. Conclusion In Conclusion, The author explained how the healthcare industry has changed over the last 10 years, the biggest change in healthcare in the next 10 years, and the role the author plan to have in the health care industry in the near future along with how she would adapt her skills along with the industry’s needs, and how her perception has changed over the course of the program here at University of Phoenix. Finally the author explained the most significant impact of the program, the role technology has played in healthcare organizations in the upcoming decade, and the financial and economic issues that will affect the healthcare industry in the next 10 years. Hopefully after the reader has carefully observed the content in this paper, he/she will have a better understanding of the delivery of healthcare and the changes that are made to ensure a better future for our health. References Burchill, K. R. (2010, July/August). ARRA and meaningful use: Is your organization ready. Journal of Healthcare Management, 55(4), 232-235. Du Pre, A. (2005). Communicating about health: Current issues and perspectives (2nd ed.). Boston: McGraw Hill. Sallee, A. & Forrest, S. (2005). Effective communication and conflict resolution. In Contemporary nursing issues and trends (3rd ed.). St. Louis: Mosby

Starbucks Marketing Strategy How to Create a Remarkable Brand

Starbucks Marketing Strategy How to Create a Remarkable Brand Starbucks is one of the most recognizable brands  in the world. Their brand recognition has reached epic heights thanks to the strength of their marketing and their commitment to keeping their brand consistent. Not all of us have multi-million dollar marketing budgets, which makes replicating Starbucks’ marketing tactics at the same level nearly impossible. However, there are some basic core principles behind the Starbucks marketing strategy that nearly any brand can borrow and implement. In this post, we’ll cover how their commitment to consistent branding made Starbucks the successful brand it is today. We’ll also go over the tactics they are currently using that are continuing their tradition. Plus, we’ll cover actionable takeaways you can use to implement those marketing strategies and basic branding principles yourself. Whats ? is the industrys leading marketing calendar platform, helping over 8000+ marketers get organized. See how you can plan content + social media marketing better. How can you build a brand like Starbucks? Start learning here:Download Your Marketing Strategy Template Bundle Once you’ve read how Starbucks has mastered the art of  branding and marketing strategy, use these templates to get organized, document your strategy, and build brand consistency into everything you do. In this bundle, you’ll receive: A marketing strategy template to format all your ideas into a workable outline for you and your team to follow. A marketing calendar  template to organize all your projects. A brand style guide template to help your marketing team maintain branding consistency. Each of these templates will help you get your marketing team organized and outline the expectations  that need to be met to keep everything consistent. Starbucks Marketing Strategy: How to Create a Remarkable BrandThe History Of Starbucks Starbucks was founded in 1971 by Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl, and Gordon Bowker. At first, the coffee company only sold coffee beans and didn’t offer the premium coffee drinks it's known for now. The famous logo, inspired by Norse woodcutting  that contained a siren, the mermaid-like figure has been with the company since its inception (although it has undergone a few redesigns). In 1986, the original owners sold Starbucks to former manager Howard Schultz, who took the brand and helped build it into the coffee behemoth it is today. Here is a brief overview of the growth the company has experienced in the last 47 years:

Understanding Keywords for Website Content - Proofeds Writing Tips

Understanding Keywords for Website Content - Proofeds Writing Tips Understanding Keywords for Website Content Every business needs a website nowadays, so knowing how to write good content using SEO keywords is vital. But what exactly are keywords? And what does this mean in practice when writing for your website? In this post, we look at the basics of using keywords in online content. What Is a Keyword? At its most basic, a keyword is a term that someone enters into a search engine to find a website. For all of the content on your website, then, you should think about which keywords will make it easy to find. In other words, your website content should be built around keywords. If you haven’t done so already, you should develop a list of keywords to use on your site. A good starting points for this is Google Analytics, which lets you see how people are currently finding your site. Looking at which keywords your competitors use on their websites is a good idea, too. Google has all the data.(Image: Google Design team) Before you start writing, though, you also need to know the difference between short tail and long tail keywords. Short Tail Keywords Short tail keywords (otherwise known as â€Å"head terms†) are single words or short phrases related to your core business activities. For instance, short tail keywords for our website would include terms like â€Å"proofreading† and â€Å"copy editing.† These are important because a lot of people search for them, but there is also a lot of competition for most short tail keywords. Long Tail Keywords Long tail keywords are longer, specific phrases closely related to some aspect of your business. In our case, for instance, we might identify phrases such as â€Å"American English proofreading for college papers† or â€Å"professional formatting for business documents.† People search for these terms less often, but it is easier to rank higher in search results for long tail keywords. 5 Tips for Using Keywords in Online Content Finally, we will offer five handy tips for how to work keywords into your writing. Give them a try next time you are working on some website copy! Quality beats quantity – In the past, you could trick search engines by packing a web page with keywords (this was known as â€Å"keyword stuffing†). However, modern search algorithms penalize websites that do this, so it should be avoided! Instead, focus on writing good quality content with your keywords scattered occasionally throughout. Use keywords strategically – Different types of keyword should be used on different parts of your website. Use short tail keywords on the most important pages (e.g., the home page or where you describe services). But you should also use a range of long tail keywords elsewhere on the site (e.g., a blog or news section). This will give you a large database of specific words and phrases that customers can use to find you. Readability above all – Never force a keyword into a sentence where it doesn’t fit. After all, if someone clicks on your site and gives up after reading the first awkward paragraph, keywords count for nothing. Make sure all content on your website is well written and error free first. Clever formatting – You can boost SEO results by formatting keywords so that they stand out (e.g., with bold or italic fonts). Using keywords in subheadings is especially important. You may also want to use bullet points to make pages easier to skim read. Use the meta description – While using keywords in online content is important, you should also use them in the meta description for each page of your site. This is the short summary that users see as a preview in search engines, so it is vital to get this passage right!

How to Improve YourEmployeesBusiness Writing Skills [Quick Tips]

How to Improve YourEmployeesBusiness Writing Skills [Quick Tips] How to improvebusiness writing skills is a vexing issue for many businesses. Employees'ability to write clearly and convert complex information into summarized, well-written business documents offers a huge competitive advantage. Although improving business writing skills seems like an easy thing to do, it really isn’t. Many senior executives and leaders struggle with large chunks of data and disparate information. They lack the ability to extract relevant information from mere noiseand convert it into a meaningful, result-oriented message. Employees spend too much time planning, writing, and proofreading business documents. Finaldocuments have too many errors. Sentences lacka logical transition of ideas. The end result is a poorly written document that reflects poorly on business andimpairs employee productivity. Complimentary Business Writing Review of Your Team's Writing hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(41482, '68b80d4a-2e12-4e12-a6e9-b258b38b08c3', {}); How to Improve Business Writing Skills Step One Before deciding on the approach to training, the first step is to accuratelyassess your employees’ business writing skills. This involves separating the substance or content of employee-written business documents from thesyntax or language. These two elements of business writing must be analyzed separately. Substance refers to the content and organization of ideas in the business document. It is the fundamental aspect that distinguishes a well-written report from a poor one. It refers to your employees’ ability to skim through volumes of data and prepare a summarized report with only relevant information. There are four useful indicators for measuring the substanceof writing: It should matchaudience awareness It should be customized, keeping in mind the readers and the target audience It should be logically categorized in appropriate headings, subheadings, and bullet points It should be logically sequenced with a proper flow of ideas and transition of thoughts Syntax refers to the language of the document. It includes grammatical errors, active and passive tenses used, tone, and sentence structure. Even employees with strong substantiveabilities can make syntax errors. Unlike substance, however, syntax is rather easy to evaluate and syntax errors are easy to fix. Syntax can be loosely measured with software tools: Microsoft’s Readability Index (Flesch Reading Ease Score Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, built into Word and Outlook) Microsoft Grammar Check (Built into Word and Outlook) Grammarly (Grammar-checking software) How to Improve Business Writing Skill Step Two Once you have assessed your employees’ writing skills, you will have accurate measurements about the business writing skills of your employees and organization. The next step is to train or mentor your employees to write better at work. There are threeapproaches to achieve this: Train your employees and mentor them on your own Hire a business writing expert to train and mentor Hire a business writing expert to train employees, and establish an internal mentoring program Internal Training Training your employees on your own is a lot of work and requires business writing experts on staff. Caution: Just because an employee is a strong writer doesn't mean they will be strong writing trainer. Writing training requires the ability to deconstruct a document and break down the rhetoric and syntax. If you are going to train internally, hire business writing experts with experience teaching business writing. You want teaching experience also, not just writing experience. Appoint these employeesas trainers and mentors for the rest of the organization. This should not be a secondary job responsibility. Hire an Expert Vendor This requires an investment of money, but you will be assured of results. Let's consider the cost implications for a typical work unit of 30 employees earning $60,000 per year, who write for 3.2 hours each day (40% of a 40-hour work week): Cost Calculations of Writing in this Work Unit: Employees' total annual salary expenses: $1,800,000.00 Percentage of employee time spent writing: 40.0% Annual employees' writing costs: $720,000.00 Total annual employee writing hours: 23,040 Studies we have conducted for the past 15years indicate a 30% reduction in writing timeafter our professional business writing training. What are the savings implications for these 30 employees, if they follow an efficient business writing process? Company Would Save: $216,000.00 Potential Annual $ Savings per Employee: $7,200.00 Estimated Writing Hours Saved Annually: 6,912 Weekly writing savings: $4,500.00 hbspt.cta._relativeUrls=true;hbspt.cta.load(41482, '8465dacc-17f6-47e6-ad2a-848060c15859', {}); Here are a few factors you need to consider when hiring an expert vendor: The credentials of the training organization - very important. Who developed or will lead the training? Credentials are very important! I saw a "business writing expert" promoting herself recently with the credentials of "Email Doctor." However, she had no writing or teaching credentials. She described her background as "Ten years accounting experience. I was the go-to writer in my office. I'm now a corporate-escapee living a happyfreelance life helping people write more clearly." Credentials and relevant experience matter. The structure of the training program The ability to customizethe training Willingness to provide ongoing support materials Flexible deliverylogistics Hire an Expert Vendor andEstablish and Internal Mentoring Program This builds beautifully on the training and mentoring doesn't require training skills. Essentially, managers need to communicate the strong business writing matters by: Modeling strong business writing. Employees always model their bosses, so be sure managers are modeling the business writing that communicates the company values and skills "What counts is what's counted." Be sure strong business writing skills are included in performance evaluations. Establish an informal document review meeting twice a year. As a team, view sample emails and reports and other key documents written by employees. Critique and improve these - being certain the tenor is support rather than punitive. To learn more abouthow to improve business writing skill for your employees, download the guideâ€Å"Four Steps to improve your Team’s Business Writing Skills.†

M7 discusion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

M7 discusion - Assignment Example The row totals and the column totals in a two-way table give the marginal distributions of the two variables separately. There are two marginal distributions in a two-way table and each marginal distribution from a two-way table is a distribution for a single categorical variable. The conditional distribution of the row variable for one specific value of the column variable is each entry in the column as a percent of the column total. The conditional distribution of the column variable for one specific value of the row variable is each entry in the row as a percent of the row total. The complete conditional distribution gives the proportions or percents for all possible values of the conditioning variable. The conditional distribution reveals the nature of association between two categorical variables. The chi-square statistic (denoted by χ2) measures the relative difference between expected and observed frequencies (cell counts). It is a measure of how much the observed cell counts in a two-way table diverge from the expected cell counts. The Chi-square statistic is computed by first taking the difference between each observed count and its corresponding expected count, and Taking Square of these values, than dividing each squared difference by the expected count, and finally taking sum of all the values. The chi-square is appropriate to use when the variables are simple random samples (SRSs), measured on categorical level and the average expected cell count is 5 or greater and all individual expected counts are 1 or greater, except in the case of 2 Ãâ€" 2 tables. All four expected counts in a 2 Ãâ€" 2 table should be 5 or greater. The two models for using a chi square test are ‘Comparing several populations: the first model’ and ‘Test independence: the second model’. In the first model, independent SRSs are drawn

Fundamental concepts and techniques in accounting and finance Essay

Fundamental concepts and techniques in accounting and finance - Essay Example Fundamental concepts and techniques in accounting and finance The field of financial management has experienced gradual but significant change during the twentieth century. During the first two decades of the century, financial managers were concerned mostly with the legal issues surrounding the issuance of stocks and bonds. This focus of attention reflected the primitive nature of the capital markets in the early 1900s, the wave of mergers and consolidations occurring at that time, and the lack of what now is considered routine full disclosure of accounting and financial information about companies offering securities to the public. With the Depression of the 1930s, the main focus of financial management shifted to the defensive aspects of business survival. As we enter the twenty-first century, the most significant trend to impact successful corporate financial management will be the continuing globalization of business in general and financial management in particular. There is no major U.S. or foreign corporations that do business solely within the confines of their own country. The need to deal with multiple currencies, worldwide money and capital markets where investment capital moves across borders at an increasing pace facing fewer and fewer barriers, a wide variety of accounting systems and tax laws, and a multitude of political risk environments is now a normal part of the responsibilities of a corporate financial manager. This globalization of business does not change the fundamental theories of corporate financial management, but it does have a substantial impact on corporate financial practice and domestic financial markets. ... t change the fundamental theories of corporate financial management, but it does have a substantial impact on corporate financial practice and domestic financial markets. The only thing certain about the future is that finance and industry will continue to change, offering new challenges and opportunities to financial managers. The importance of competent financial management to the success and even survival of the modern business organization cannot be overemphasized. It is no accident that presidents and board chairpersons of large, successful corporations increasingly rise to their positions by coming up the "finance side of the house" (Kaplan, 1989). In smaller business, experience has shown that the early survival of a new business and prosperity in its developing stages is strongly dependent on effective financial planning and control. The most common reason cited for the high failure rate experienced by new ventures is lack of financial expertise. Similarly, financial administration is receiving increased attention by governmental units at all levels. Financial management in all types of nonprofit corporations and organizations is also benefiti ng from increased attention. Competent financial planning and management are critical components of success in any organization that brings people together to achieve a common goal. The impact of inflation and high interest rates has focused increased attention on the financial implications of nearly all business decisions. Knowledge of financial management principles and techniques has become even more important during our current era of economic uncertainty. Functional specialists in such diverse areas as marketing, production, and human resources management have environment in which the firm operates. A

Turkle and Belkin on Human Suffering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Turkle and Belkin on Human Suffering - Essay Example People get strange experience when they are favored, but they would criticize the event when it is not in their favor. When my sibling is to act as a source of cure to my problem, I would be positive towards the decision: â€Å"In the case of technological advance, for instance, when parents opt for test tube babies, medicine had achieved the level of creating children conceived in-vitro; later it turned out that their child could be a possible donor, this was a surprise and incurred a lot of criticism as they did not believe that human being would be born just to be used as a spare part† (Belkin 04). Ethically, saving life is far better and should not be termed as using a human being as a spare part. As a donor, you may assist to restore life for someone who had lost hope completely. However, with the technological advancement, assisting through donation has negligible effects on the donor due to the high technology involved in carrying out the procedure. Despite criticism fr om other organizations and scientists, it is not ethical for them. Belkin reiterated that it is human to do everything to save lives through donation; hence, the donation of embryo parts was not prejudiced as malpractice despite the ethical aspects involved (Belkin 06). Just as a scientific laboratory researchers struggled through hurricane with risk for their lives aiming at saving lives of other people, the story of Henry and Molly became a successful breakthrough in the scientific view of life that can continue without medical services and assistance. According to the article, the young girl underwent a lot of tribulations, for instance, having unbalanced limbs, being deaf on one ear, and also having malfunctions in the heart (Belkin 07). Due to the doctor’s observation, she was whisked from her parents, Lisa and Jack. However, just the couple went through hard times, Laurie and Allen also faced tough times as they struggled to salvage lives at their early 30’s. The y managed to get good medical support from doctors through the use of computers; Laurie was employed by nonprofit making organization, while Allen worked with computers. Through the expertise that Allen had, they managed to find a doctor online who could help with the issues of their illnesses (Belkin 10). Technology is used both for leisure and curative, for instance, as Belkin states, a lot of research was carried out through technology to salvage life, especially to cure long term illnesses that could only be managed with stop-gap solutions, so that the patient lives longer. We get informed by Belkin that â€Å"by 1982 patients suffering from Franconia are likely to survive on provision of lower dose of chemotherapeutic drug referred to as Cytoxan†. However, many women, described in the article, resorted to abortion in case the children were not healthy; this follows numerous cases of sickness from complicated diseases. To some extent, â€Å"they were getting older as the ir children got sicker as time continued running† (Belkin 104). However, the article states that the younger the patient is during organ transplantation, the better the chances of survival. As in the case of a child, most of the body parts are still under construction and development, hence, they have high chances of survival during and after operations. This is essential to the children whose transplant cases were diagnosed at an early age. In addition, the article

Operations Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Operations Management - Essay Example An earlier model of workforce management is the Japanese concept of lean operations which has replaced the old method of mass production. Lean philosophy aims for elimination of waste to achieve faster, more dependable, high quality products and services at low costs. The system requires job rotation, job enrichment, team-based problem solving and multi-skilling (Tariq, 2005). 2. Quality of Products and Services – a Critical Issue Whereas in the past, firms employed mass production to achieve economies of scale and generate profit without regard to quality, in the future, quality will be the distinctive character that will differentiate the leader from the rest (Pride and Ferrell, 2009). The customer of the future would be demanding for quality which is one great responsibility the manager of the future has to take upon himself. Such personalized quality can happen only by engaging in mass customization using sophisticated product designs and flexible production processes and support systems (Stevenson in Tariq, 2005). To achieve this at a reasonable margin would require the proper coordination of these company-based systems in place, from the supply chain to product design to the production processes to customer service. ... A restaurant’s capacity is measured by the number of tables it operates. If there are too many tables provided yet are not filled because the demand is less, it results in under-utilisation (Wild, 2003). Unfilled tables mean that some space is unutilized yet being paid for in rent, unrecovered costs of acquisition of service facility, energy wasted, under-utilised service of assigned personnel, and therefore eventual loss of revenues. If insufficient capacity is provided, meaning there are less tables available than the present number of customers, it would result in some customers waiting unreasonably or being turned away and going elsewhere and would mean loss of income opportunities and diminished business image. 4. Operating for Competitive Edge Operations management is an activity that converts resources into outputs, and since outputs relate to customers, its aim is to ultimately satisfy the customer (Wild, 2003). Operations management can therefore be seen as a strategy for achieving the corporate goal of competitive leadership. Since operations management involves the use of resources and converting these into meaningful outputs that should lead to customer satisfaction, it plays a crucial role in every step of the process, from the sourcing of the raw materials, the final configuration and production of the product, the distribution of the finished product and the consequent after-sales service. Each of these steps can contribute in many different ways towards developing a finished product that will truly cater to the demands of the customers: lesser acquisition costs from the supply chain, best final design at least production cost, competitive pricing and efficient methods of delivery and

Black & Decker - Eastern Hemisphere and the ADP Initiative Case Study

Black & Decker - Eastern Hemisphere and the ADP Initiative - Case Study Example Lancaster knows that to beat the competition, the Eastern Hemisphere organization would need to build its own internal capacity which starts from the top, its executives. Black & Decker was fully committed to improving the performance of its Eastern Hemisphere as demonstrated by its commitment to spend nearly $80 million to set up its Singapore headquarters and build factories in Singapore, India and China (Morrison and Black 3). Unfortunately for Lancaster, these growth plans would lead to significant increase in employment opportunities whose large percentage would be for management positions (Morrison and Black 4), which was the Eastern Hemisphere’s Achilles’ heel. From analyzing the intensity of competition in Asia, Lancaster understood that the Eastern Hemisphere would require a new kind of managers, those who freely share ideas and expertise across the company, nurture and develop careers for their subordinates within the organization while remaining fiercely committed to business unit performance. Lancaster’s cause for concern was that there was a major disparity in management styles within the Eastern Hemisphere. Moreover, some of the managers were out rightly bad managers. With so many management styles it would be difficult to effectively execute organizational strategies at the lower levels of the firm. Another concern was the apparent lack of opportunities for growth and development made available to staff members. Lancaster noticed that 70 percent of management and supervisory roles were filled by outsiders (Morrison and Black 4). The ADP would infuse into the Eastern Hemisphere several best practices that would strengthen the management function. First of all the 3600 view would give managers more in-depth knowledge of their employees. With this knowledge they will be able to more effectively assist their staff to grow, develop and attain their career objectives while improving the performance of their business units. Fo r example, from the 3600 view would give managers information which they could use to create better teams, identify employees who were ready for more leadership opportunities and so on. This would reduce the need for seeking managers and supervisors externally since the organization will have identified and nurtured talent from within. Secondly, the entire ADP process increases staff awareness of the 14 different performance dimensions. With increased awareness it can be expected that management and other staff at the Eastern Hemisphere would naturally be motivated to improve themselves which would indirectly lead to an overall better organizational performance. What concerns do Asian managers have about ADP? How substantive are these concerns? Asian managers have numerous concerns about ADP. The substantive concerns are the following: culture, language barrier, heterogeneity of the region and scarce opportunities for development. The non-substantive ones are: managers having limite d time to handle ADP, presence of many managers who are used to performing their duties in a certain way and notion that it is too radical a change. These are non-substantive because they are often cited as reasons for maintaining status quo. On the other hand, culture is among the most acknowledged and researched challenges for global business. In Asian cultures subordinates are not to question their seniors. This essentially removes the ability of a manager and his subordinate to be either open or criticize each other. The ADP cannot work without this sincere conversation between subordinates and their superiors. Language barrier is huge especially outside Singapore where almost all countries have their own unique dialect.

International Business Operation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Business Operation - Assignment Example The company has to consider factors ranging from assignee traits, role and preparations before sending out expatriates. Some of these are as discussed below; York (2010) acknowledges that extroverts are people who easily build relationships and socialize with new staff and stakeholders quickly. Cultural Sensitivity; similarly, the company should shortlist only those managers who portray ethnic diversity. According to Treven, (2003) individuals who have had firsthand experience with ethnic diversity usually adapt faster in international cultures unlike those unfamiliar with the same. The company is thus required to consider candidates with ethnically diverse origins. Such individuals may be those whose parents are immigrants. Adventurous; Adventurous individuals are the best candidates for expatriate assignments (Li 2016). This means that they should have a positive record of adventurous behavior upon their sleeves. Thomas, Peterson & Thomas (2014) further concur that individuals with profound interest in experiencing and socializing with new people tend to adapt easily in offshore environments than forlorn characters. For example, managers who have regularly travelled overseas should be given first priority. They must have also participated in activities involving sporting groups, community development and volunteer work.

Black & Decker - Eastern Hemisphere and the ADP Initiative Case Study

Black & Decker - Eastern Hemisphere and the ADP Initiative - Case Study Example Lancaster knows that to beat the competition, the Eastern Hemisphere organization would need to build its own internal capacity which starts from the top, its executives. Black & Decker was fully committed to improving the performance of its Eastern Hemisphere as demonstrated by its commitment to spend nearly $80 million to set up its Singapore headquarters and build factories in Singapore, India and China (Morrison and Black 3). Unfortunately for Lancaster, these growth plans would lead to significant increase in employment opportunities whose large percentage would be for management positions (Morrison and Black 4), which was the Eastern Hemisphere’s Achilles’ heel. From analyzing the intensity of competition in Asia, Lancaster understood that the Eastern Hemisphere would require a new kind of managers, those who freely share ideas and expertise across the company, nurture and develop careers for their subordinates within the organization while remaining fiercely committed to business unit performance. Lancaster’s cause for concern was that there was a major disparity in management styles within the Eastern Hemisphere. Moreover, some of the managers were out rightly bad managers. With so many management styles it would be difficult to effectively execute organizational strategies at the lower levels of the firm. Another concern was the apparent lack of opportunities for growth and development made available to staff members. Lancaster noticed that 70 percent of management and supervisory roles were filled by outsiders (Morrison and Black 4). The ADP would infuse into the Eastern Hemisphere several best practices that would strengthen the management function. First of all the 3600 view would give managers more in-depth knowledge of their employees. With this knowledge they will be able to more effectively assist their staff to grow, develop and attain their career objectives while improving the performance of their business units. Fo r example, from the 3600 view would give managers information which they could use to create better teams, identify employees who were ready for more leadership opportunities and so on. This would reduce the need for seeking managers and supervisors externally since the organization will have identified and nurtured talent from within. Secondly, the entire ADP process increases staff awareness of the 14 different performance dimensions. With increased awareness it can be expected that management and other staff at the Eastern Hemisphere would naturally be motivated to improve themselves which would indirectly lead to an overall better organizational performance. What concerns do Asian managers have about ADP? How substantive are these concerns? Asian managers have numerous concerns about ADP. The substantive concerns are the following: culture, language barrier, heterogeneity of the region and scarce opportunities for development. The non-substantive ones are: managers having limite d time to handle ADP, presence of many managers who are used to performing their duties in a certain way and notion that it is too radical a change. These are non-substantive because they are often cited as reasons for maintaining status quo. On the other hand, culture is among the most acknowledged and researched challenges for global business. In Asian cultures subordinates are not to question their seniors. This essentially removes the ability of a manager and his subordinate to be either open or criticize each other. The ADP cannot work without this sincere conversation between subordinates and their superiors. Language barrier is huge especially outside Singapore where almost all countries have their own unique dialect.

The Role of Fathers in 20th Century Literature Essay Example for Free

The Role of Fathers in 20th Century Literature Essay There is a very common trend in 20th century literature, and it is the lack of fathers and/or father figures in the literature. Throughout the course of this class, the readings featured often followed this trend and over half of the stories did not include a father or father figure. In the story Recitatif by Toni Morrison, there are two young girls who are living in a boarding home because their mothers cannot take care of them. In this story, like many others of 20th century literature, there is an obvious absence of fathers and there is not even a single mention of either of the girls’ fathers. This trend is also found in Alice Walker’s Everyday Use and in Conversion of the Jews by Phillip Roth. In a stark contrast to the common trend of lack of fathers in 20th century literature, much of the literature we read was from the perspective of the father or focusing on the father. This paper will explore the differences between the stories that featured an absence of fathers/father figures and the stories that were told from the perspective of the father or focused on the father. In Phillip Roth’s Conversion of the Jews, there is only one passage, a very small mention, of Ozzie’s father; â€Å"†¦ and when Mrs. Freedman came through the door she tossed off her coat, kissed Ozzie quickly on the face, and went to the kitchen table to light the three yellow candles, two for the Sabbath and one for Ozzie’s father†¦ Even when his father was alive Ozzie remembered that her eyes had gotten glassy, so it didn’t have anything to do with his dying. It had something to do with lighting the candles. † This small passage acts as a great exception to the all-too-common trend in 20th century literature where there is a lack of fathers/father figures. In Conversion of the Jews, this explanation of the absence of Ozzie’s father adds a lot to the story. Oftentimes, the lack of a father/father figure added a lot to the story even if the reader did not explicitly notice. The absence of fathers is often a very good discussion topic, because it is easy to imagine how much differently the story would be if the father had been in the family’s lives. In another reading where the father has died, Grief Calls Us to the Things of This World by Sherman Alexie, the story is told from the perspective of the son, who is a grown man that simply forgot that his father has passed nearly a year before this poem takes place. The death of his father in this poem, and the fact that he still thought of his father every day, shows that they had a good relationship before his passing and that the now-absence of his father is nothing that he is resentful about, but that the son is simply sad and misses his father. This poem highlights the good relationship that a father can have with his son, because even after his father’s death, the son still thought of his father when he needed something or had a problem and wished that he was still around. This poem is a refreshing contrast to the other stories that had an absent father. In a story relatively different from the above two, Love Dad by Joseph Heller, is a short-story written from the perspective of Nately, a young man who is away at war in the Air Corps (now known as the Air Force) during World War II. He writes about his experiences growing up and going to Harvard before joining the Air Corps to avoid being drafted into the Infantry during World War II. Throughout the story you can see how naive Nately’s parents are about life during war through the letters written to Nately by his father. His father obviously does not understand the seriousness of war and this makes the end of the story even more shocking than I believe it would have been had Nately’s father actually understood that there was a very real chance of losing Nately to the war. The last line of the story reads â€Å"The letter was returned to [Nately’s father] stamped killed in action. † This comes after Nately’s father writes a remotely frivolous letter where he concludes the letter by joking that he wishes he were in Nately’s shoes and Italy, enjoying the Italian â€Å"oregano† (code word for sex). This story was much different from the rest of the stories we read because the father was, in my opinion, the main character because he was the one that Nately was focusing on throughout the whole story. Another story that does not follow the common trend of 20th century literature that the majority of the other ones follow, where there is an absence of a father or father figure, is Fathers and Sons by Ernest Hemingway. This story focuses on three generations of men within a family and the relationships between Nick, Nick’s father, and Nick’s son. The story eflects on the poor relationship that the Nick and his father had, but also on how Nick want his son to remember his father. I feel like this is a normal thing that happens in real life, that parents do not want their children to remember their parents in a negative way even if they had a bad relationship with their parents. This story breaks the trend of the other stories that were featured because there were two generations of present fathers, even if Nick and his father did not have the best relationship. Although Nick did not appear to have the best relationship with his father, he does reflect on him fondly to his own son. This is a trait that I think is common in America today-making your parents look better to your own children than they do to you. Toni Morrison’s Recitatif features two main characters, Twyla and Roberta, who live in a boarding home for mostly orphaned children. However, these two girls have living mothers who are unable to take care of them, thus the reason they are living in the boarding home. The fact that neither of their fathers are ever mentioned makes the reader wonder where the fathers are and why they are not able to take care of their daughters. It is even stated in the story that Twyla wishes that she was an orphan. She states that â€Å"[Roberta and I] didn’t like each other all that much at first, but nobody else wanted to play with us because we weren’t real orphans with beautiful dead parents in the sky. We were dumped. † (Walker, 2) This statement alone makes you believe that Twyla’s father is not dead, but this is once again left up to the imagination of the reader because it is never revealed whether or not her father is alive or dead. The absence of Roberta and Twyla’s fathers obviously weighs heavily on the girls throughout the story. An optimistic reader would think that if their fathers had been in their lives then maybe the girls would not have ended up in the group home and that their lives have been different. Throughout the story, the girls turn into two very different people and even become parents themselves. I believe that the girls, and the story, would have been very different if they had their fathers in their lives, and not have ended up in the group home. The story Everyday Use by Alice Walker features a family consisting of one mother and two daughters. The story focuses on the relationship between the wo sisters and the argument between the two of them over a set of quilts that the girls’ grandmother had made by hand. However, throughout the story, there is never even so much as a mention of Dee or Maggie’s father. The absence of the girls’ father has had an obviously strong effect on the women that the girls had become. In my opinion, the absence of their father had turned Maggie into a very shy woman who practically lets her sister, Dee, walk all over her. Dee has turned into an outspoken and overbearing woman who treats her sister more like a servant than a friend. The lack of the girls’ father has also had an obvious effect on their mother, who is never named in the story because the story is told from the mother’s perspective. The fact that Dee and Maggie’s mother does not have a husband around the house has turned her into not only a mother, but a father as well. It is Dee and Maggie’s mother’s responsibility to keep up on the farm and provide for the family-traditionally a role reserved for the father. Dee and Maggie’s mother even admits that she â€Å"can kill and clean a hog as mercilessly as a man. If Dee and Maggie’s father was in their lives then their mother would not have these responsibilities. The typical role of the father is not present in virtually any of the readings featured throughout this course. The traditional role of the father, according to http://www. pioneerthinking. com/fathercare. html, are â€Å"the Wallet,† â€Å"the Rock,† and â€Å"the Friend. † This means that it is traditionally the father’s job to provide the financial and emotional support to his family while acting as a friend to his wife/girlfriend and children. These roles are obviously different than the roles provided by the fathers in the readings we read in class. In Love, Dad by Joseph Heller, Nately’s father does not completely conform to these traditional fatherly roles. During the course of the story, the only traditional role that Nately’s father seems to fit into is the role of the friend, and he does not even do that all too well. I feel that, throughout the story, Nately’s father was trying to be more of a friend to Nately than a father. I cannot imagine that Nately’s father was ever a good â€Å"Rock† because he seems to be too focused on the unimportant things, and he is obviously too naive for his own good. The fact that he does not comprehend that he very well may lose his son during the war practically voids out any attempts he may have made to be Nately’s â€Å"Rock. † One story that gave me the impression that the father did actually fill the three traditional roles of a father is Grief Calls Us to the Things of This World by Sherman Alexie. I feel like the fact that his son was able to look back on his father with such admiration, even saying â€Å"Who is most among us and most deserves The first call? I choose my father. † I feel like this sentence itself shows how much admiration the son has for his father, seeing him as the first person to call simply because he is astounded by bathroom phones. I think that the simple things in life are what makes a man or woman a good mother or father, and this sentence highlights this simplicity. I also think that the fact he forgot that his father had passed away shows how much love and admiration he has for his father, although it is in an unusual way. However, in contrast to the traditional role of the father that is shown in some of the 20th century literature we read, there is also the absence of fathers and/or father-figures. This absence that was also prevalent in our readings of 20th century literature has captured, and possibly reflected, current day demographics. Unfortunately today, it is almost common and even acceptable to see a family with only one parent, and oftentimes this parent is the mother. The fact that it has become acceptable for a child to be raised without his or her father in a one person home is absolutely depressing. Throughout the course of our semester, approximately half of the stories we read did not have a father present and the fact that this has become a sort of reflection on current day demographics is quite disheartening. According to fatherhood. org, in current day demographics, approximately 24 million children (or one out of three children) live in a home where there is no father or father-figure. When looking at current day demographics and then at 20th century literature, the commonalities and reflections between the two is remarkable. I believe that the role of the father in 20th century literature ranges from being overly present (like in Love, Dad by Joseph Heller) to being completely absent to the point where a father is not even mentioned (such as that in Everyday Use by Alice Walker or Recitatif by Toni Morrison). This wide variations in the role of the fathers and the presence of the fathers makes the reading each unique in their own way because the fathers (or lack thereof) add their own influences nto the story. I believe that if there had been any fathers in Everyday Use by Alice Walker or Recitatif by Toni Morrison, the stories would not have been as interesting and as well liked as they are. I believe that the absence of fathers shows realism in these two stories because they are both situations that would be easily found in current day demographics. I also believe that the overly present father in Love, Dad by Joseph Heller helped make the story what it was. If the father had not been portrayed in the way that he was in the story, I do not believe that the story would have had much else for readers to relate to. In conclusion, I believe that the role of fathers in 20th century literature is very important and oftentimes made the story into what it was. Without this strong feature in 20th century literature, I do not believe that stories would not have been as well-liked nor would readers have been as easily able to adapt as they were. The stark contrast in the role of the father in 20th century literature kept the readings interesting and kept them easy throughout the course of the semester.

Talent Attraction And Retention In Employee Branding Management Essay

Talent Attraction And Retention In Employee Branding Management Essay Employer branding is one of the most significant developments in recent times. Organisations are increasingly recognising that most brand promises are delivered by people not products. Many studies have shown the gap between an average and a top performer has widened than ever before, and in a downturn, productivity and results matter even more. Having motivated and talented employees can make the difference between business success and failure. Simon Borrow is acknowledged as the creator of the term employer brand as early as 1990 (Thorne K., 2004). According to Ulrich D., 1997, employer branding focuses on how the company is seen by current and potential employees with the aim of winning the war on talent. Moreover, Employer Branding helps in recruitment, retention and in becoming an employer of choice. It sets up the uniqueness of the firm as an employer. It labels the firms principles, systems, strategies and behaviors towards the objectives of attracting, and retaining the firms existing and potential talent employees. Additionally, in a labor market where applicants, more than ever before, are smart consumers constantly assessing the value and rewards of their employment experience, its becoming critical for organisations to communicate and market their strengths and image as an employer of choice for a competitive advantage. 3.1 Talent attraction and retention Figure 1: Talent attraction and retention model Attraction material is often the first point of contact with candidates and so it must resonate immediately with the target audience. Uday Chawla, Managing Partner, Transearch, It is an entire process wherein attracting happens first, which should ideally be followed by retention. If we are able to attract talent but fail to retain them, then the entire process of attracting goes to a waste. Attracting and retaining are inter-dependant. Failure in one area affects the other. One cannot exist without the other. 3.1.1 Talent management. According to SHRM India (2008), in an article titled Corporate Indian companies: Forging New Talent Pipelines and creative career Pathways, in the banking and financial services industry, talent is considered to be premium. Talent management has been high on the agenda of HR professionals in the UK over the past few years. TM is a multi-faced concept that has been championed by HR practitioners, fueled by the war for talent and built on the foundation of strategic HRM. . Since 1997, TM has become increasingly popular when the consultancy firm Mckinsey exposed the war for talent as a critical driver of corporate performance, (Chambers, 1998). The starting point of TM is people, namely talents as mentioned in the article Is talent management just old wines in new bottles? A case of multinational companies in Beijing by Xin Chuai et al (2008). Talent is defined as individuals who have the capability to make a significant difference to the current and future performance of the company Morton (2004, p.6). CIPD defines talent management as the systematic attraction, identification, development, engagement/retention and deployment of those individuals with high potential who are of particular value to an organisation. On the other hand, Duttagupta (2005) asserts that TM assures that a supply of talent is available to align the right people with the right jobs at the right time, based on strategic business objectives. Besides, Stainton (2005) supports this argument by claiming that TM is concerned with having the right roles in the right environment with the right manager to enable maximum performance. For example, The Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) is currently making the move from succession planning to what it describes as action-oriented talent management. They see this as a more fluid and holistic concept when it comes to getting the right person, in the right place, at the right time. Talent management can also be used to enhance an organisations image and supports employer branding in the labour market as well as providing a means of enhancing employee engagement to improve retention. 3.1.2 Talent management framework In order for Commercial banks to gain competitive advantage they need to develop a strategic approach to talent management that suits their business and gets the best from their people. Talent management can also contribute to other strategic objectives, including: firstly building a high performance workplace, secondly encouraging a learning organisation and lastly adding value to the employer of choice and branding agenda. In an article titled A framework for talent management in real estate. Deborah R. Phillips et al (2009), proposed a talent management framework for industry practitioners. The framework consists of five key elements: attracting, selecting, engaging, developing and retaining employees. Firstly, an organisation have to be creative when developing a recruitment strategy and should adopt modern methods of recruiting such as interactive networking sites, open house events, referral programs, internships, and online job boards. Secondly, it is becoming more common to include an objective measure of performance, such as psychological assessment, in combination with other recruitment tools in order to improve a companys chances of matching the right person to the job. Thirdly, engaged employees are not difficult to spot in an organisation. They are willing to go the extra mile to help the customer (Gostick and Elton, 2007). When HR managers measure their own organisations engagement, they immediately want to find ways to improve engagement among all ranks. On their side, Gostick and Elton (2007) report that employees will stay where there is: a quality relationship with his or her manager; opportunities for personal growth and professional development; work-life balance, a feeling of making a difference; meaningful work and adequate training. Additionally, employee retention is closely linked to an organisations performance management system. Performance management systems should also address how the different generations in the workplace view feedback and the drivers of employee retention. Therefore, the five strategies recommended in the proposed talent management framework measure performance on all sides. It is very easy to recognise the problem and apply the framework but the toughest part lies in the execution. 3.2 Employer of choice As the market for well-qualified and experienced job applicants becomes more competitive and with more people likely to change jobs than they ever have been, employers are becoming increasing aware of the need to manage the image of their organisations that applicants receive. The phrase employer of choice is becoming increasingly common among employers trying to attract new people, and retain key staff. Another point is that the image the organisation creates as an employer and potential employer seems to be recognised as a competitive differentiator in the same way as customer perception has also been held to be. For example, Baver and Aimen-Smith (1996) found that graduates were more likely to apply to organisations that strongly articulate their environmental policies in their recruitment literature, regardless of whether they consider themselves particularly pro-environmental. Moreover, it is important to recognise, as shown in research by Gatewood et al (1993), that the image of an organisation or company will be perceived differently by different people. This suggests that it is particularly important to present a clear, consistent and credible image of organisation to potential applicants. Finally, Employer of choice in recognising the importance of talent as a source of competitive advantage, are looking to win talent by tailoring employment policy to capture the dynamism of the modern era (Ashton et al, 2002). Typical measures might include package of initiatives such as offering career development opportunities, providing challenging, inspiring, enjoyable and flexible work, providing progressive benefits, paying attention to healthy workplace practices, improving incentives and encouraging participation and open communication (CLC,2000; Hewitt Associates, 2000;lowe 2001a) Based on a fact sheet from the Australian Bankers association Inc, the Australian banking industry aims to be an employer of choice and individual banks have adopted people management frameworks aimed at ensuring that: employees maintain a healthy balance between work/life balance, supported by specific policies such as working partly from home; the make-up of the workforce is aligned over time with the broader Australian community and reflects  diversity, including self-identified disability and ethnicity. 3.2.1 Employer of choice strategies The global vice president of recruitment for Philips, Jo Pieters, says it is important to include and measure both internal and external elements of an employer branding exercise and also Each and every employee should act as an ambassador of your brand and that requires a strong and recognised internal and external employee value proposition, One of the most familiar tools of employer branding is employer advertising where organisations use advertising to promote the unique employment proposition they offer potential recruits (Ewing et al., 2002). While advertising is a well accepted tool of employer branding, the employment brand itself encompasses the organisations values, systems, policies and behaviours toward the objectives of attracting, motivating, aligning and retaining the organisations current and potential employees (Gunasekara, 2002). 3.3 Branding concepts Branding has always been an important part of every companys marketing and advertising campaigns. Branding is an ongoing process where all the tangible and intangible elements that constitute a companys image and reputation are organised and communicated. A brand is a symbol that encapsulates that many associations that are made with a name (Gardner and Levy, 1995) and many things can be branded (Levitt, 1980) including the company itself. However, Swystun (2007) argues that a brand is a mixture of attributes, tangible and intangible, symbolised in a trademark, which if managed properly, creates value and influence (p.14). Employer branding may be the least known type of branding yet it is becoming more important to organisation. According to the conference Board report on employer branding (Conference Board, 2001) organisations have found that effective employer branding leads to competitive advantage, help employees internalise company values and assists in employee retention. 3.3.1 Corporate branding The corporate brand provides a source of competitive advantage by bringing together the company vision, culture and values, with organisational systems and networks, to form a unique organisational value proposition for customers (Knox et al., 2000; Hatch and Schultz, 2003). Moroko and Uncles (2008) contend that consumer, corporate and employer branding share similar characteristics; that is, a brand has to be noticeable, relevant and resonant, and unique. Notwithstanding, similarities between corporate branding and employer branding can be observed. According to Ambler and Barrow (1996, p. 187), an employer brand is the package of functional, economic and psychological benefits provided by employment, and identified with the employing company. In addition, Park et al (1986) categorise brands based on how they fulfill the functional, symbolic and experiential needs. 3.3 2Employer branding Employment branding is the process of placing an image of being a great place to work in the mind of targeted candidate pool. Employer branding is similar to the concepts of employer of choice (Fox, 2003). The link between employer branding and employer of choice has been stated by Harrison Kim (2005) Successful employer branding is built on the employers ability to deliver on its promise and when this happens the organisation becomes an employer of choice. According to Martin et al, (2005) the concept was first discussed by marketing academics and after some delay, by a lagging interest from HR academics. In todays knowledge driven company, all departments play a strategic role in bringing the right kind of people into the organisation. Employer branding is defined as a targeted, long-term strategy to manage the awareness and perceptions of employees and related stakeholders with regards to a particular firm (Sullivan, 2004). Furthermore, it conveys your value proposition the totality of your culture, systems, attitudes, and employee relationship along with encouraging your people to embrace and share goals for success, productivity, and satisfaction both on personal and professional levels