Woman of the Nineteenth Century Essay Example for Free

Woman of the Nineteenth Century EssayDear diary, I am a cleaning lady by birth, a woman by heart solely this sylvan does non recognize it nor understand what it means to be a woman. I possess been married for almost twenty years now, maybe twenty two. I am already confused, as my body is tired, to ideate of the number of years I lead been married. I could even so b arly recall the time I was born or the exact date I was brought to this wretched world. The years seemed to score gone by desirewise fast, yet the pain and the harsh experiences carried in it are still here, in my body and in my heart. Oh how I wish they stir all left together with my youth.I am old. My eyes and the skin surrounding it are already too dark and deeply imbedded in their sockets. My lips are too dry to even speak to anyone else. Wrinkles are all everywhere my face, as if representing the countless agonies and hardships I have endured. Marriage is the worst thing that has of all time happened in my life. It deprived me of all my individuality and happiness in life. Britain, my country, gives us, wowork force, a hard time by forcing us to marry Britains savage men. thither are few men compared to women in Britain, yet they are far more savage than us women.They are same wolves hunting for lambs, tearing the form out of their victims. Because of marriage, I was not able to enjoy my life as a young adult. I was not able to lavish my self with solid things. I was not able to eat exotic foods which I have been dreaming of eating since I was a child. I was not able to crack elegant clothes or build a huge house for myself. I was not able to enjoy the fruits of my labor because I am, or us women, are expected to depend highly on men. The money that I received from the death of my father due to the war was passed on to my husband by and by marrying him.All the money that I have earned through the countless hours of working was collected by my greedy husband. Its all thanks to my countrys unwomanly law, the 1882 Married Property Act. It deprived my off all my independence and freedom to live on my own. It imprisoned me in the hands of my disconsoformer(a) husband. I believe that women should be given the equal sounds to property and dignity of self-support. I have been dreaming and wanting to divorce him for years, after the first thrashing I have received from him, months after our wedding. I caught him cheating on me, having sex activity with an old-hag in our neighborhood.I threw everything that I could lay my hands to him on during that day. The thoughts of cleaning him also flashed into my mind, further I didnt, because I feared Britains cold prison. I have the right to be angry and should have the right to divorce him, but my country doesnt give me that right, they simply wont let me leave him. It is the fault of the Matrimonial Causes Act of 1857 which gives men more power over us women. Because of this law, they fag divorce or discard of us anytime they want as long as they provide evidences of adultery committed by their wives.However, even if we caught our men cheating, we cannot divorce them. Even if I was divorced by him (Oh Id really love to be separated from this beast) this law wont let me see my angelic children. Giving birth was the most painful for me. I have a slight curvature on my spine. I think this increases the risk of paralysis when giving birth. I assume such thing would happen based on the twenty-ninth womans story in the book which I read called Motherhood Bondage by Margaret Sanger. She has three boys, and worked really hard just as I do.If I remember what I read right, her right arm was paralyzed when she gave birth to his second baby and was totally paralyzed (her whole right side) when she gave birth to the third (Sanger 86). I experience with her and hope that it does not happen to me. I already have thirteen children, five weak boys and eight sickly girls, at my age of 40. Luckily, I have not experienced any paralysis. precisely it was definitely painful. Having these lovely angels give me hope and uplifts my spirit. However, having so many children can also be a excite especially if a husband doesnt provide financial support to his wife, just like what my husband does to me.My husband doesnt support us that much. I am only able to raise my beautiful angels because I hide some money from work. My fool husband can beat me to death but I will never give him all my money, especially the little savings I have for my children. Truthfully, I love all of my children, but I do not want any more of them. On the contrary, my husband seems to want more. Well, not particularly children, but specifically sex. He comes home late at night in his elegant pants and fine coat, hiding the beast within him. Hes always drunk and is fond of whipstitch me.My sadist husband rapes me every night, pushing my face to the hard headboard of our meager bed. He enjoys every scream I utter in o ur small room that echo the pain on the soiled walls. He thinks that I am his property, an object which he can toss around and dispense anytime he wanted. He arouses me by playing with my clitoris, stimulating my body to lubricate the part which he wants more than his wife my vagina. If he accidentally hurts his private organ by pushing too hard, he strangles me and yells that I am sexually frigid.He questions my capability to have a vaginal orgasm and argues that I am sexually incompetent. But to tell you the truth, he is simply ignorant. My stupid husband who only finished his secondary education thinks he is superior and very intelligent, but he does not know much and does not actually understand women. Vaginal orgasm is purely mens idea about women and neglects the fact that the vagina is not a highly sensitive area and is not constructed to achieve orgasm, it is the clitoris, which is the womens center of sexual sensitivity and which is the female equivalent of the penis (Koed t 133).Is it still my fault for world sexually aroused yet sexually unsatisfied? I did not want to have sex with him on the first place (and I would like to emphasize that right now, I really regret marrying him) but he keeps using me, treating me as a sex slave. His sexual appetite seems unquenchable like a wolf who returns every night, wanting to devour another lamb. I am already old and my husband as well, but his yearning for sex is as vigorous as ever. Remembering our honeymoon or our first night together was really exciting.My heart was beating really fast as he unfolds every clothing that hides my smooth and tender skin. With every touch, my heart skips a beat. With every kiss, my cheeks turn red and my bosoms rise as if they were touching heaven. When he first entered me, it was painful, yet pleasurable in a way. It was like dream, only that time it was real. However, having sex with him few weeks after that was like nightmare it was a brisk hell. As a woman, my right for voluntary womanhood is violated.I simply cannot stop him from having sex with me. Everytime I disagree with his yearning or push him away, he comes back with a forceful punch or a hard kick on my stomach, on my face or on my chest. I can no longer refuse to submit to my husbands sexual demands. Something which I believe is a right which should be given to me, as a woman, as a mother and as an individual. I believe that there should be right on the part of a woman to decide when she shall let a mother, how often and under what circumstances (Grimke 942).I am a woman by birth, a woman by heart but my husband, the men in this country, my country, do not recognize it nor understand what it means to be a woman. I know that writing this on a piece of paper wont do much. But I am hoping that someday, somebody who has power or understands women sees this and liberates me or at least women from the shackles of this patriarchal society. I am old, but my heart as a woman will forever be youn g young in the sense that it had never been given the right to grow. When I die, I hope that this woman in me is cherished, nurtured and developed by others.Diary, can you help me find that person? Please? I hope you can, and I hope its soon.Works CitedGrimke, Sarah. On Voluntary Motherhood. For Women Only Your Guide to Health Empowerment. Eds. Gary Null and Barbara Seaman. Canada Seven Stories Press, 1999. Koedt, Ann. The Myth of the Vaginal Orgasm. Public Women, Public terminology A Documentary History of American Feminism. Ed. Dawn Keetley. UK Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc. , 1970. Sanger, Margaret. Motherhood in Bondage. New York Brentanos, Inc. , 2000.

Human resource management and Employee Voice

charitable resource vigilance and Employee verbaliseEmployee Voice Ensures Effective deedIntroductionTalking from the perspective of Human Resource Management (HRM), Employee Voice (EV) signifies the meshing of employees in organizational finale making. EV is an offshoot of the Participative Management Model which contracts at achieving corporate goals with with(predicate) guidance-employee harmony. The chief ingredients of EV are Employee confederation and Employee Involvement. From the works of many management scholars it has been observed that though EV is a growing management concept, it has to go a long way before existence univers solelyy accepted as a management practice. According to a research report, very few managers consider EV from the viewpoint of bodied representation, though many are of the opinion that it contributes towards administrational exploit (CIPD, 2001 P. 19).The concept is based on collective decision making by management and employees. Thou gh its very unenviable to implement this idea in a bureaucratic structure, a participative management can very well adopt it provided it is open to the idea of sharing decision making status with subordinates. In the course of this report I will try to middlingify the premise whether Employee Voice is a prerequisite to ensure efficient performance of employees as well as that of organisations.Definition of Employee VoiceThough it doesnt pick out any formal definition, Employee Voice has been explained in different ways by various scholars. While some of them have opined that it is a collection of employee activities that intend to forcefully modify the management policies and practices, others have suggested that it is a voluntary expression of employees ideas that aim at influencing organisational activities (Greenberg Edwards, 2009 P. 25-26).As has been conceptualised by some managers, EV whitethorn be defined as promoted employee communications that facilitates exchange of opinions and ideas and upward problem-solving through and through collective representation and commitment (CIPD, 2001 P. 20).Purposes of Employee VoiceThe general purposes that Employee Voice serves in an organisation are as the following Expression of employee dissatisfaction. This helps in solving problems with the management and similarly helps in maintain good relations. Collective expression helps in providing management with countervailing power. Employees contribute to the decision making process in that respectby make their requirements clear to the management. shared harmony is harnessed through EV. This in turn secures viability of the employees as well as the organisation (Armstrong, 2006 P. 808).From the purposes mentioned above, it is clear that EV contributes towards the overall growth of the organisation and also helps in enhancing its growing in terms of work environment, quality and, above all, productivity. Owing to these facts, EV should be patronised by the management and it should also be ensured that employees feel free to voluntarily express their ideas and expectations on a regular basis. The management should also take measures to put the information generated from EV to the best practice of the organisation in order to develop it on a regular basis.Classification of Employee VoiceEmployee Voice has immense corporate significance from the perspective of industrial Democracy (ID) (Hyman Mason, 1995 P. 1-2). generally, EV stems into two organizational phenomena Employee alliance (EP) and Employee Involvement (EI).Employee familiarityEmployee Participation can be conceptualised as the management initiatives which attract the employees to participate voluntarily in organisational activities through various awards and rewards. EP is manifested in the following waysEmployee OwnershipThrough various schemes, employees can hold shares of the organization and thus enjoy the ordinary rights of a shareholder (Lee, 1991 P. 2-5). This e nhances the mutual responsibilities of both the organization and employees. On account of being shareholders, employees perform optimally towards greater scales of organisational success as that would reflect in their individual value as well. ESOPs in the U.S. and U.K. are frequently cited as having a triad of objectives to broaden the ownership base, stimulate investment and improve performance (Lee, 1991 P. 4).Profit SharingThis is generally done in the form of payment of bonus in proportion to the organizations annual profit. This is a form of employee incentive which intends to enhance employees commitment (Lee, 1991 P. 5-6).Employee InvolvementAs the name suggests, the objective of Employee Involvement is to involve employees to a greater extent in the administrative activities of the organization. This helps in puting the employees and also enlightens them to comprehend the corporate policies and activities in a better light. EI facilitates the psychological divide between employer and employees and endows the latter with some degree of decision making capacity. It has two major benefits firstly, through empowerment and de primevalization the management is relieved of some portion of its administrative responsibilities and secondly, on being empowered the employees responsibility for organizational success increases and so does their righteousness and commitment. EI also helps in uplifting employee morale and job satisfaction. Thus it enhances performance (Schafer Economic indemnity Institute, 1996 P. 126-128).Workers Participation in Decision MakingThis is a egotism explanatory method of Employee Involvement in which a decentralised and participative management seeks employees contribution towards organizational decision making. It increases transparency and also enables both the employer and employees to identify and mention their mutual expectations. The objectives of EI are manifested through Quality Circles, take Teams, Employee Directorsh ip and Workers Council (Lee, 1991 P. 7).Employees Perception of VoiceEmployees generally feel threatened by a common notion that the management uses them as mere resources without any concern for their personal enrichment. They are also driven by the fear of losing their jobs. It is irrespective of the size and nature of the organisation, that employees are distressed about job security and career development. EV gives the employees a common platform for uniting and conveying their views. Hence, employees primarily perceive EV as a mode of expression which helps them in sending across their message to the management.Managements View towards Employee VoiceThough Employee Voice has been conceptualised through the works of various management authors, it is except to gain global importance. The success of EV depends to a great extent on the management style (Dundon Rollinson, 2004 P. 57). Managements openness towards accepting EV as a developmental tool is crucial in mold its outcom es. If and only if management encourages employees to congressman their opinions and fosters a feeling of interdependence, the employees can express their ideas. The managers should also utilize the voice mechanisms in order to making their decision making easier.It is apparent that unless a proper participative management model is implemented in an organization, it is difficult for the managers to fully rate the importance of EV. It can come into being only when a company works towards achieving industrial democracy (Boxall, Boxall, Purcell Wright, 2007 P. 231-233).United We Stand, Divided We FallThis is the fundamental trope behind Employee Voice. The management should brace itself to decentralise power and control and should take employees ideas into serious musing because the latters contribution toward organisational throughput is immense. Owing to fact that employees are invaluable resources, it is just to empower them so that they may provide the management with finer in gredients to enhance performance. It has been largely suggested that healthy labour relations plays an important role in shaping organisational productivity (Pfeffer, 1998 P. 228).Participative management has been proven to be the healthiest of management styles owing to the fact that it though employee empowerment, it enhances the speed of communication and thus other organisational processes are also intensify proportionally.Employee Voice and Organizational PerformanceGenerally, lack of proper communication carry ons to organisational conflicts. Employee Voice helps in bettering employer-employee relationship through information flow. It has been observed that though different measures of Employee Participation and Employee Involvement are necessary for organisational performance, management employee interrelationship plays an equally important role in enhancing job satisfaction and hence in enhancing organisational productivity (Brown Heywood, 2002 P. 103).In the context of E V, we may also analyse the psychological contracts that are involved with employment. Management employee interrelationships are largely based upon exchange of services and compensation. This often leads the employees somebody to be uncooperative with the managements growth strategies. The situation can be made favourable through a synergistic relationship that will exist in a wider zone of negotiability (Anderson, Ones, Sinangil Viswesvaran, 2002 P. 133-136).Though EV ensures better performance, the management must take proper initiatives in order to make it a sustainable trend. We should calculate EV as a collective manifestation of good management practices, industrial democracy and employee unity. The management should introduce self management training modules for the employees. gentility and education helps in developing the value system and perceptions of individuals. The voice of developed employees will be in sync with that of the management in issues related to organis ational development and profitability, or at least they wont feel alienated and exploited during such discussions (Smither London, 2009 P. 377-379).Since 1980s, employee relationships have undergone a lot of change in the U.K. mostly there have been emphasis on non-union employee representation (NER) and partnership. These have also been developments whereby the management has to inform the employees in regular intervals matters pertaining to organizational performance as well as strategic planning (Gollan, 2005 P. 238-239).It is worth noting that high performance comes with high levels of commitment. The same concept also applies to employees. Highly motivated and committed employees tend to identify with the organisation and hence perform optimally. It goes beyond saying that enhanced commitment is a result of employee satisfaction. Thus, a goal oriented organisation should continually try to empower its employees through various ways patronising EV being one of them (Beer, 2009 P.276).Another study shows that unionised employees show lesser trends of attrition. EV imparts a backbone of collective security to the employees and thus management faces lesser problems regarding their retention (Barrett Mayson, 2008 P. 468).Again, thinking more practically, we find that in general productivity and performance are not the primary interests of employee unions. They are more concerned about compensation and benefits, employees rights, etc. According to Kelley and Harrison, increased productivity is a by product of unions and is different from their central goals (Kaufman, Kleiner Industrial Relations Research Association, 1993 P. 191).Various works in the recent decades have suggested ways to reduce employee anxieties such as job security, which can be adopted by the management. Restrictions on downsizing the employee base may enhance employee loyalty which in turn will have positive effects on job satisfaction and performance (Cooke, 2003 P. 76).Apart from bei ng provided with alternative arrangements such as flexible working hours, job sharing and telecommuting, employees should also form an inherent part of the performance appraisal system. A successful performance appraisal system should be participative and transparent (Nelson, 2007 P. 173-174).Irrespective of the organisational size and the state of unionisation, employees tend to exhibit their best when they have a proper knowledge about their duties and rights and also have an opportunity to address their views to the management. As management structures are becoming increasingly flatter, it is important for each employee to have a comprehensive knowledge as to how to be sel sufficient at work (Gennard Judge, 2005 P. 185).As a matter of fact, when management employee interrelationship operates at a high level thereby strengthening the process of communication, the organisation will be able to solve nearly all its internal issues without any third part involvement. This enhances the integrity of the organisation (Schafer Economic Policy Institute, 1996 P. 127). dialogue can be successful only when EV is patronised.Communication is largely a managerial function and responsibility. The managers should ensure that information flows both in the upward as well as downward directions and also through collective channels. Staff communication policy should be formulated and improvised as per requirements (Brewster, Hegewisch, Price, Waterhouse Co. Cranfield School of Management, 1994 P. 163-165).Another way to enhance EV is through harmonisation whereby differences in status are reduced. This encourages employees to freely express their ideas (Marchington, Wilkinson, Sargeant CIPD, 2002 P. 187). This measure calls for the flattening of management structure and also requires counselling across hierarchies to make the change acceptable.As it is being greatly clear that successful EV is an outcome of well coordinated communication, it is important to minimise the common barriers to communication and to develop a general humour that advocates as well as facilitates communication across hierarchies (Roodman Roodman, 1973 P. 57).EV endows employees with the right to control their career. This is a basic human need which needs to be cheery in order to ensure commitment to work. At the same time it also reduces the supervisory responsibilities of the management and allows them more time for strategising (Pendleton, 2001 P. 108-113).This is reflected in the words of the Production Director, Weaveco, it probably started by preaching to our employees, then we started talking to them but then the next thing is to start listening, and I think the listening is more through the DITs where they get involved in solving problems (Stuart Martinez-Lucio, 2005 P. 33).Participation is further enhanced though employees representation in the Board of Directors. This consolidates the stand of the employees as an inseparable constituent in organisational suc cess. Apart from this the corporate policy should support individual self determination, codetermination and collective bargaining for employees to voice their ideas and necessities. There should be a symbiotic tie-in between the management and employees to work towards a common goal (Wilkinson, Gollan Marchington, 2010, P. 487 496).Employee participation in any organisational activity tends to increase with their personal involvement. With an increase in involvement the employees naturally perform optimally thereby proving that EV is of immense importance in enhancing organisational performance and productivity (Kirkman, Lowe Young, 1999 P. 42).According to a research by the U.S. General Accounting Office Employee Ownership, together with Employee Participation in organisational decision making, can improve the overall performance of the organisation (Harris, National Research Council (U.S.), Committee on Human Factors, National Research Council (U.S.) Panel on Organizational L inkages, 1994 P. 83). Thus it is justified that employees being key elements in the organisational processes should be taken into serious consideration from the perspective of management decision making for the betterment of organisational practices. This helps in widening the spectrum of decisional alternatives and facilitates the process through the collective approach. Management employee harmonisation also helps in bring the two entities closer and the mutual understanding thus achieved, helps in identifying common goals.Negative Impact of Employee VoiceUnabated EV, if not monitored carefully may lead to an upsurge of collective emotions and employees try to devise outrageous mechanisms to vent out the same. To avoid such eruptions, the management should by empathetic in listening to the employees on a regular basis and also allow room for collective bargaining in order to arrive at moderated conclusions wherever possible. Otherwise, EV may take to hostility against the organis ation and disrupt its operations through non cooperative activities such as strikes, etc.ConclusionIn the course of the report we have found that EV plays an important role in shaping the organisational processes and enhancing the overall efficiency, performance and productivity. It is a tool which can best be used by a participative management model wherein it is the aim of the management to empower the employees through providing certain degree of autonomy in terms of decision making. Thus EV also reduces the managements decision making burden. In flattened organisations it is highly necessary that individual employees have voice. This is necessary because it helps the employees to express their dissatisfactions too the management. Any corrective solvent by the management acts as a grievance management tool, increases employee job satisfaction, enhances their morale and commitment and thereby helps in enhancing organisational performance. Through the enhanced flow of information, administrative and process related activities become faster. It also enhances overall coordination among departments and across hierarchies.ReferencesAnderson, N., Ones, S. D., Sinangil, K. H. Viswesvaran, C. 2002. handbook of Industrial, Work Organizational Psychology Organizational Psychology. 2nd ed. SAGE.Armstrong, M. 2006. A Handbook of Human Resource Management Practice. 10th ed. Kogan Page Publishers.Barrett, R. Mayson, S. 2008. International Handbook of Entrepreneurship and HRM. Edward Elgar Publishing.Beer, M. 2009. High Commitment High Performance How to Build a Resilient Organization for bear on Advantage. John Wiley and Sons.Boxall, F. P., Boxall, P., Purcell, J. Wright, M. P. 2007. The Oxford Handbook of Human Resource Management. Oxford University Press.Brewster, C., Hegewisch, A., Price, Waterhouse Co. Cranfield School of Management. 1994. Policy and Practice in European Human Resource Management The Price Waterhouse Cranfield Survey. Routledge.Brown, M. Hey wood, S. J. 2002. Paying for Performance An International Comparison. M. E. Sharpe.CIPD. 2001. Management Choice and Employee Voice. CIPD Publishing.Cooke, N. W. 2003. Multinational Companies and Global Human Resource Strategies. Greenwood Publishing Group.Dundon, T. Rollinson, D. 2004. Employment Relations in Non Union Firms. Routledge.Gennard, J. Judge. G. 2005. Employee Relations. 4th ed. CIPD Publishing.Gollan, J. P. 2005. Voice and Non-Union Workplace. twenty-seventh vol. 3rd issue. Emerald Group Publishing.Greenberg, J. Edwards, S. M. 2009. Voice and Silence in Organizations. Emerald Group Publishing.Harris, H. D., National Research Council (U.S.), Committee on Human Factors, National Research Council (U.S.) Panel on Organizational Linkages. 1994. Organizational Linkages Understanding the Productivity Paradox. National Academies Press.Hyman, J. Mason, B. 1995. Managing Employee Involving and Participation. SAGE.Kaufman,E. B., Kleiner,M. M. Industrial Relations Research A ssociation. 1993. Employee Representation Alternatives and Future Directions. Cornell University Press.Kirkman, L. B., Lowe, B. K. Young, P. D. 1999. High-performance Work Organizations Definitions, Practices, and an Annotated Bibliography. Center for Creative Leadership.Lee, W. B. 1991. Should Employee Participation be Part of Privatization? World Bank Publications.Marchington, M., Wilkinson, A., Sargeant, M. CIPD. 2002. People Management and Development Human Resource Management at Work. 2nd ed. CIPD Publishing.Nelson, B. 2007. The Management Bible. Wiley India.Pendleton, A. 2001. Employee Ownership, Participation and boldness A Study of ESOPs in the UK. Routledge.Pfeffer, J. 1998. The Human Equation Building Profits by Putting People First. Harvard Business Press.Roodman, H. Roodman, Z. 1973. Management by Communication. Taylor Francis.Schafer, T. Economic Policy Institute. 1996. Reclaiming Prosperity A Blueprint for Progressive Economic Reform. M. E. Sharpe.Smither, W. J. London, M. 2009. Performance Management Putting Research into Practice. John Wiley and Sons.Stuart, M. Martinez-Lucio, M. 2005. Partnership and Modernisation in Employment Relations. Routledge.Wilkinson, A., Gollan, J. P. Marchington, M. 2010. The Oxford Handbook of Participation in Organizations. Oxford University Press.BibliographyArmstrong, M. Stephens, T. 2005. A Handbook of Employee Reward Management and Practice. Kogan Page Publishers.Beaumont, B. P., Hunter, C. L. CIPD. 2003. Information and Consultation From Compliance to Performance. CIPD Publishing.Bennett, T. J. Kaufman, E. B. 2002. The Future of Private Sector Unionism in the United States. 7th ed. M. E. Sharpe.Gospel, H. Pendleton, A. 2006. Corporate Governance and Labour Management An International Comparison. Oxford University Press.Marshall, F. R. Marshall, R. F. 2000. Back to Shared Prosperity The Growing inequality of Wealth and Income in America. M. E. Sharpe.Nicotera, M. A. 1995. encroach and Organizatio ns Communicative Processes. SUNY Press.Winstanley, D. Woodall, J. 2000. Ethical Issues in Contemporary Human Resource Management. Palgrave Macmillan.Wunnava, V. P. 2004. The Changing Role of Unions New Forms of Representation. M. E. Sharpe.

Balance Between Life And The Culture

Balance Between Life And The CultureKeeper N Me by Richard Wagamese, is a novel based on the necessary balance between life and the acculturation in which i belongs to. This is a necessary aspect in order to maintain a steady relationship with ones self. In this novel vent on traditions or a current agency of life from propagation to generation is one of the most important aspects of guiding someone of the Ojibway floriculture, as the Ojibway pack have very strong beliefs and take their culture very seriously. The people of the Ojibway culture believe that through story dissevering and dreams one give the axe realize the importance of tradition and its influence on their identity. Wagamese throughout his novel tries to teach the readers the power of ones friendship and traditions as he reflects a confirmatory view of Native life. vent on traditions is a very important aspect of guiding someone of the Ojibway culture in this novel, only if to stick to a certain way of li fe has its challenges as everyone receives assorted views and opinions from the many different people they encounter throughout their life. The authors innovation in Keeper N Me is much more than just someone who provides guidance but it is how storytelling and the teaching of traditions argon used to help guide. Garnet Raven, being separate from the rest of his family, has struggled with knowing his true identity. Furthermore, the author shows not only the significance of determination a place to belong, but rather the importance of ones actions and emotions in finding a balance in life but at the same time not letting the presence of dominate views overlook the power of ones self.Passing on traditions in the Ojibway culture is a very important aspect of guiding and teaching someone. Due to the Ojibway people having such strong beliefs, they take their culture very seriously. The culture must be maintained for future generations to come as the generations is slowly being bombar ded by white society. much(prenominal) behaviour results in the newer generations of Ojibway people to become less interested in learning and living in the traditional Ojibway lifestyle. These younger generations of Indians need to be guided by their elders in order to keep that traditional culture alive, which creates a a string bond with ones family and ancestors, inspiring them to become guides for next generations as well. Dreams are also a guide in Ojibway culture, one of the things that elders tell you nowadays to try real hard to remember, write them down even to help you. (Wagamese 252). It is believe that through dreams one receives visions that are sent to them by the spirit world. That vision could be just about anything and was meant to be a sacred and private thing for the seeker. Gave a steerage for their life. (252). Dreams are believed to be important messages that provide one with direction and strength(252).The Ojibway honour the traditional way of storytelling a s a guide in which it provides a way to pass on words of wisdom and tradition from one generation to the next. Bernice Weissbourd says Because its not only a child is inseparable from the family in which he lives, but that the lives of families are determined by the community in which they live and the cultural tradition from which they come. In Keepern me, Garnet was taken away from his family and placed in numerous different white foster homes galvaniseing from the age of three everywhere they moved me I was the only Indian and no one ever took the time to tell me who I was, where I came from of even what the hell was going on. (16) Because he was isolated from family and culture, he lacks the knowledge and strength he needs to be himself. Garnet, living in an all white society is unaware of what culture and from what society he actually belongs to, which is why he is in constant search for something he can call his own. Garnet does not know what its like to be Indian which init iallyZammit 3makes him feel unease and disconnected with his family and culture growing up in all-white homes, going to all-white schools, playing with all-white kids can get a guy to thinking and reacting all-white himself after a while. I just figured I was a browned white guy (17) so he feels that he has no choice but to become one of them, as he knows no different. Soon after that, Garnet learns the banish stereotypes about Native people when one of his foster fathers drives him to the Indian section of town showing Garnet all the drunks and homeless people, See. Those are Indians. Look at them. If you dont start shaping up and doing what youre told around here, thats what youre going to be ( 18) this takes away all the culture he ever had and encouraged him to not want to be Indian as he did not want to become like the people he saw. Keeper as a storyteller tries to pass the message of traditions and a way of life to guide Garnet, once he arrived in White Dog reservation. Fin ally, after spending some time at the reservation, Garnet was given other chance to gain confidence with the person he was. With the help of Keeper, Garnet is learning how it feels to be part of the Ojibway culture for the first time. Garnet was taught that to be a true Indian one must be a participant. To be a true Indian, one needs to learn the why of this life instead of just the how(307). reason Richard Wagamese with the help of Bernice Weissbourds quote informs the readers of the importance of tradition and its possible influences on ones identity. The culture in which an individual grows up molds the views of ones self and the world around them, in which maintains a connection with ancestors and traditions. A necessary factor in the lives of many people today, is the feeling of belonging to a group of people with similar interests, beliefs, religion, culture, traditional ways, etc.. Such behaviour is a very important aspect in the shaping of identity. Many are taught at a you ng age that ethnic traditions are meant to be celebrated and carried on from one generation to the next. In this novel, one of the most significant lessons to be taught is to alwaysZammit 4find balance between culture, yourself and the world Find balance with things. Yourself. The world. Everything, on accounta change is the biggest law of nature. Fight change you fight yourself (196). Culture is so important because its extends the inner self of a person, to members within a society, or a community. Culture can form invisible bonds between members in the community, which can result in the passing on of values and traditional ways. This also builds up a long term tradition after years and years. Culture and tradition is strengthened by the passing on from generations and provides a background to its later generations, allowing there to be gain in a sense of belonging withing people and the culture in which they share. end-to-end Keeper N Me, Richard Wagamese portrays and informs the importance of tradition in the novel based on the necessary balance between life and the culture in which one belongs too, in order to maintain a steady relationship with ones self. It is made clear to the reader of the significance of passing on traditions or a certain way of life from generation to generation, and how it is one of the guiding aspects of the Ojibway culture. Wagamese throughout his novel is also tries to teach the readers the power of ones community and traditions as he reflects a positive view of Native life. Furthermore, the author shows not only the significance of finding a place to belong, but rather the importance of ones actions and emotions in finding a balance in life but at the same time not letting the presence of dominate views overlook the power of ones self.

Types of Poisonous Snakes and Snake Venom

Types of Poisonous Snakes and Snake VenomIn the fourth century BC, India was invaded by Alexander the Greats army, which was accompanied by a number of Macedonian physicians and observers. They were move by the achievements of the local Ayurvedic practitioners, particularly in the discourse of glide in the grass burn up (1). Unfortunately, the legacy of ancient skills, experience and wisdom may afford held back alternatively than encouraged the application of modern scientific research methods to manage this continuing scourge of rural behavior in India (2).In India, serpent in the grass in the grass en bitchinessation is a huge unrestricted health problem, but unfortunately it hasnt got its repayable attention. There is scant information on epidemiology and minimal research on anti bitchiness. Most of the quoted figures on snake act ar ho barfal based though most twinges glide by in villages and among poor population, who rely liberally on traditional treatment. Re cent orbiculate Snake Bite Initiative of the International Society on Toxicology and by the World Health Organisation, is expected to throw more light on epidemiology and treatment of snake bunco games (3). Of the 3,000 or so snake species that exist in the world, only about 15% atomic number 18 venomous. Venomous snakes exist on e in truth(prenominal) upright except Antarctica. In India the hulky Four (Cobra, Krait, Saw measure and Russels viper) be the key reprehensible snakes(4).Though the hospital records show only 1,300 yearbook deaths but a recent Nation everyy Representative Mortality Survey puts this figure to approx. 45,900 deaths a year. Snakebite remains an underestimated guinea pig of accidental death in modern India. Community education, steal training of medical staff and better distribution of antivenom, especially in the states with the high prevalence, could violentuce snakebite deaths in India(5).Historical Backg roundabout Since time immemorial snak e has been an object of worship in legion(predicate) reciteries. According to Hindu mythology this world is resting on a m any-headed cobra. Lord Vishnu lies on Sheshnag. The Cobra coils around Lord Shiva. Old Egyptian nobility argon pictured with cobra hood on their forehead. Some cultures held snakes in high esteem as powerful religious symbols. Quetzalcoati, the mythical plumed serpent was worshipped as the master of life by ancient Aztecs of Central America. Some African cultures worshipped rock pythons and considered the killing of one to be a serious crime. In Australia, the Aborigines associated a giant rainbow serpent with the creation of life. In Jewish texts, in the old Maya civilization, in Kundalini yoga, theosophy and in many medieval clubhouse emblems the world over, snakes form an essential symbol. This shows how intimate has been the historical, social and mythological association of snakes with the mankind and no wonder the cobra is worshipped in India on Naga Pa nchami day. Ayurvedic texts written by Vagbhata and Sushruta, pass given in fair detail the classification of snakes according to their symptoms and their poisoning. There argon many stories about constrictors, particularly anacondas in the Amazon and pythons in the east, which atomic number 18 said to spend a penny strangled adult humanes, these need to be treated with great deal of skepticism (6,7,10).In practice it is only the pestiferous snakes that argon of interest. Poisoning from snake bite is an important medical emergency in Africa, South America, India, Pakistan and greater part of south East Asia.EpidemiologyAs snake bite is non a notifiable illness, there is little reliable information on incidence of snakebite in many parts of the world. Snake bite is an important occupational injury partakeing farmers, plantation workers, herders, and fishermen. Open-style habitation and the practice of sleeping on the floor besides expose people to bites from nocturnal snakes. Bites are more frequent in young men, and in general occur on lower limbs. The incidence of snake bites is higher during the rainy season and during periods of intense outlandish activity (6). Available data shows 30,000-40,000 deaths from snakebites every year but this figure probably is an underestimate (8), because of incomplete reporting. Recent global estimates suggest 2.5 million bites and 85000 annual deaths. In India recent published literature suggests yearly 45,900 deaths out-of-pocket to poisonous snakebites and 5.6-12.6 deaths per 100,000 population in few states sees to be realistic(4,5). Upto 80% of snake bite patients in developing countries, first contact traditional practitioners, before visiting a medical center (6,7,9). Owing to the delay in reaching hospital many patients die enroute. Going by the fact that around 85-90 % snakes are non-poisonous and even 50% of bites by poisonous snakes are dry runs, number of snakebites in India are enormous(4). Myanmar p robably has highest mortality figure in Asia, where over 70% bites are by Russells viper. In India, Maharashtra records the highest number of snakebites, followed by West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh and Kerala. In Maharashtra alone, 70 bites per 100,000 population occur yearly with 2.4 per 100,000 mortality. Rajasthan and Jammu region of JK too report large number of viper bites (up to 95% of all bites (10). During rains and floods number of cases shows a steep rise. Most bites occur amidst 0400 hours to midnight and mere observation that majority of bites are on lower extremity suggest that snake is inadvertently trodden upon.In India 2/3rd of bites are due to saw scaled viper, about 1/4th due to Russells and a niceer proportion due to cobra and Krait. In neighboring Sri Lanka Daboiarussellii accounts for 40% and in Myanmar 70% of snake bites (11,12).For correct epidemiological studies one requires enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to appoint antigen and anti be. This per mits reliable identification and sensitive quantification of venom antigens and antibody. Natural antibody is perceptible in serum by one week of bite, which rises to peak by one year and falls to low levels by 3 years, though may be detectable for up to 40 years after bite. Anti snake venom reduces but doesnt abolish the generation of antibodies. In close to countries e.g. Australia, ELISA is routinely employ for identification of poison (13).Anatomy and HabitsSnakes belong to order Ophidia of the Reptilia general class. Over 3000 species are encountered in the world of which less than 15% are poisonous. Most of these are found in tropical and subtropical regions, Australia and byout USA except in Alaska, Maine and Hawaii. In India 216 species from 9 families are reported of which 52 species from 3 families are poisonous. Most snakes are non-venomous, have no fangs and belong to colubrid family a few colubrids are technically poisonous having a venom gland connected to a solid f ang at the back of mouth. Bites from back fanged colubrids are generally virtuous to man but with some species resembling African boomslang, Dispholidustypus, serious and even fatal poisoning has been reported in the snake handlers(13). The three families of front fanged poisonous snakes are elapids, vipers and sea snakes. Elapids are land snakes with non-mobile 3-5 mm long fangs in adults. Vipers have 10-30 mm long fangs which are easy to see when erected, but difficult to see when folded against velocity gum. Vipers are divided into crotalids or pit vipers who have heat sensing pit between eye and nose and viperidae which dont have the pit. sea snakes have very short immobile fangs and flat rudder homogeneous tails. There are mainly 4 poisonous snakes encountered in India i.e. Cobra, Krait, Saw scaled and Russells viper. New addition to Big Four is Hump-nosed Pit viper (Hypnale hypnale), recently being reported from India though existent for more than 100 years(16). This has been mistaken for Saw Scaled Viper by most. It is identified by larger, triangular head ending in a snout with large scales on the head in contrast to the little scales of saw scaled viper. The envenomation is manifested by coagulopathy and renal failure. It is reported as one of the most poisonous snakes in India but specific anti venom against this is not available (12).Common poisonous snakes found in India are as belowViperidae * Saw scaled viper (Echis carinatus)* Russells viper (Vipera russelli)Elapidae * Indian Cobra (Naja naja)* Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus)Crotalidae * Pit ViperHydrophidae * ocean snakesCobra is 1.2-2.1 meters long while King Cobra may be as long as 5.5 meters. Cobra is unremarkably slate gray to brown. The back of hood may or may not have a pattern. They raise their hood when aroused or threatened. They try to avoid mankind unless they are too close or are trodden upon. The distance a cobra can strike in forward direction is the height its hood rises above the ground. Some cobras however can spit venom upto a distance of 3 meters. This can cause redness, corneal abrasions/ulcers etc. King cobra is uniformly olive, brown or green with ringlike crosscut bands of b lose. Although it is the largest venomous snake in the world but it avoids attacking an different venomous snake for fear of being bitten, therefore it feeds only on harmless species. Females build a nest and then deposit the eggs. Lying close by, she guards the nest and is highly aggressive towards anything which approaches the nest.The king cobra is found in the forests or their neighborhood in the Himalayas, Bengal, Assam and South India. The common Indian cobra is found in jungles but also in open country with or without vegetation in gardens, drains, well-behaved fields, and populated areas in mans proximity in stacks of wood and under rubbish, in loose masonry, crevices of walls and building ruins in old cemeteries, in temples or mosques.It is ofttimes seen in dark corners of bathrooms, stables and servant quarters of old bungalows. It may be found in old hole of a tree, in ant-hill or a rat burrow. It can climb trees and swim well. It feeds on rats, mice, frog less frequently on birds or their eggs and sometimes on chickens, squirrels, lizards and other snakes. It is usually diurnal in habit but in populated areas it is more nocturnal(14,15).Krait is black or bluish black with white foreshorten crossbands and a narrow head. Its average length is 90cm 150 cm. It is found only in Asia. It is prompt during night and passive during the day. It is found in plains, cultivated fields and human habitations. It has design to seek shelter in sleeping bags, boots and tents.Kraits are mostly found in Eastern India, Assam, Bengal and parts of South India and patches all over the country. There are two varieties, banded and non-banded. Although it has most potent venom of all land snakes, it is rather shy and bites human beings least commonly (13 ,15).Vipers are so called because they are viviparous. There are 110 kinds of vipers and all are poisonous. Vipers have broad plates galloping right across the belly and down in the mouth scales on the head similar to those on the body. Body is light brown and their back is usually covered with black blotches of inverted V shaped markings. Some of the pit vipers have large hold on the head. Russells viper or Daboia is a big stumpy snake -2 meters long with short tail and characteristic marking as described above. It is irritable. When threatened it coils tightly, hisses and strikes with a lightning speed, that victim has no chance of escaping. Indian pit vipers are generally found in hilly areas of Western Ghats and Sunderbans in West Bengal.Russells viper prefers open country, cultivated fields and bushy or grassy fallow lands. It is nocturnal in habit. It is commonly found in plains of Punjab, Bombay, Madras area and Brahamputravalley(4,6,20).Saw scaled viper (Echiscarinatus) i s found all over India but particularly in Western India, Punjab, and around Tiruchirapalli. It prefers open dry rocky country or arid deserts.Saw Scaled Viper (Phoorsa) is responsible for supreme bites and deaths all over the world than any other snake. This small stumpy snake measures 25-60cmand camouflages well with the surroundings. Colour is light buff with shades of brown, dull red or gray. Its sides have a white or light coloured pattern. Its head usually has dark stripes that start behind the eye and extend to the rear. It gets its name from the fact it rubs its own body from sides and produces rasping sound. This ill- tempered snake attacks any intruder. It is common in rural settlements, cultivated fields and regions, barns, and rock walls(4,14).Sea snakes resemble cobra and its allies in structure of their fangs and most other characters. Most of them are 3-4 ft. long, and a few may attain a length of 8 feet. Their tails are laterally flattened and are sculled in paddle -like fashion during swimming. Most sea snakes are covered with small round scales and lack the enlarged ventral scales found in terrestrial species. The nostrils are valvularand hey can be closed when snake submerges- and may be displaced towards the top of the head. Excess salt from the sea water and diet is excreted through special glands in the snakes mouth. Venomous sea snakes mostly inhabit the waters of Australia, Indonesia, Southeast Asia and India. Of the more than 50 species some are many times more poisonous than land snakes, with venom 10-40 times more potent than that of cobra. Except for a single species found in creeks and river estuaries sea snakes are all poisonous. They however have a narrow gape and rarely bite effectively.Their bite is relatively painless and, amazingly very low percentage of patients suffer significant envenomation during the attack. In a census in Malay Peninsula less than 25% developed features of poisoning and a small percentage became criti cally ill (4,12,14).Snakes have a good sensory perception with primitive ears. Their vision is limited to few meters only, with better acuity for base objects. Lower jaw is a pair of bones joined together centrally by an elastic ligament which doesnt articulate with maxilla thus enabling the snake to swallow its prey as a whole. Fangs are modified teething on pre maxilla. Venom is secreted from parotid glands and is meant to immoblise the small creatures like rat. Man is an innocent synchronic victim. Bite is a well coordinated act involving movement of head and body. It involves coordinated positioning of head, opening of mouth, attack by forward thrust of body and head, piercing the skin by fangs and injecting the venom while the wound is deepened by contraction of temporalis muscle. Vipers have holes at the tip of fangs while elapids have gutters in the fangs(14,15).Identification of Poisonous SnakesMost of the bites are by non-poisonous snakes, but the intense fear of snake b ites may cause acute panic reaction or feeling of impending death. If the patient has brought snake to the attending doctor, proper identification can help institute early and appropriate treatment to the victim and also alleviate undue emotional disturbance. Some of the important differentiating features of poisonous from non-poisonous snake are appended below(13,18).(a) Fangs The most distinctive feature of poisonous snakes is the fangs. These are modified teeth in the upper jaw, generally two in number, one on either side. They communicate with salivary glands and are hollow or grooved. In family Elapidae and sea snakes they are located in front, are short and immobile while they are large, curved and have wide range of movement in vipers.(b) Scales on Belly In poisonous snakes the belly scales are large and extend all across the belly. In non-poisonous snakes belly scales are small and generally dont extend across the belly.(c) Head Vipers have heavier triangular head with small scales all over. In case of pit vipers a pit is located between the nostril and the eye. Cobra and Krait have large head scales. In cobra upper third labial is largest and touches the eye and nasal shield. In Kraits upper third labial does not touch the eye and nose, but the fourth lower labial scale on the under surface of mouth is the largest. All the poisonous sea snakes have large scales on the head and valved nostrils.(d) Pupil Poisonous snake have generally elliptical or vertical slit. However pupils are round in elapidae (cobra) and most non-poisonous snakes.(e) Body design Krait has central row of large scales on dorsal side, which are almost hexagonal. It has paired white or black stripes across the body in the banded Krait. Some cobras have spectacle-like mark on their hood.(f) Fang marks In non-poisonous snakes since all teeth are at same level so bite is stretched and bite marks are along a curved line i.e. row of bites,as in human bite. Bite range can be easily made o ut. In poisonous snakes since poisonous teeth are generally two (fang marks) and other teeth areat lower level, so only two,1-2 cm spaced puncture marks are seen. A distance of less than 10 mm signifies a small snake while a distance of over 15 mm is suggestive of a large snake. Sometimes one requires hand lens to identify these marks especially in cases of cobra or Krait bite. It is noteworthy that the size of the venom fangs has no relation to the virulence of the venom. The comparatively innocent Indo-MalayLachesishave enormous fangs, whilst the smallest fangs arefound in theHydrophidswhich possess very potent venom.(g) Sound Most venomous snakes produce characteristic sounds, which may also help in recognition of snake. Russells viper produces Hissing, saw scaled viper Rasping and King Cobra Growling sounds.Easy identification of different snakes is as followsCobra Hood while alive, large scales on head. Pupil is round and 3rd upper labial touches the eye and nostril. Large bell y scales extend acrossthe width.Krait The fourth lower labial scale on the under surface of the mouth isthe largest. Hexagonal large scales in the central row on dorsal side. Body may be banded. Belly scales extend across the width.Viper Triangular heavy head with small scales all over. Large belly scales extend across the width.Snake VenomSnake venoms are the most complex of all immanent venoms and poisons. The venom of any species might call for more than 100 different toxic and non-toxic proteins and peptides, and also non-protein toxins, carbohydrates, lipids, amines, and other small molecules. The toxins of most importance in human envenoming include those that affect the nervous, cardiovascular, and haemostatic systems, and cause tissue necrosis (21).Snake venom is primarily meant to paralyse the prey, man is only accidental victim to whom snake strikes if threatened. Proteins constitute 90-95% of venoms dry fish down and they are responsible for almost all of its biolog ical cause. Venom is made up of toxins, nontoxic proteins (which also have pharmacological properties), and many enzymes especially hydrolytic ones.Enzymes (molecular weight13-150 KDa) make-up 80-90% of viperid and 25-70% of elapid venoms digestive hydrolases, L-amino acid oxidase, phospholipases, thrombin-likepro-coagulant,andkallikrein-like serine proteasesandmetalloproteinases(hemorrhagins), which damage vascular endothelium. Polypeptidetoxins (mol weight 5-10 KDa) includecytotoxins,cardiotoxins, and postsynaptic neurotoxins (suchas-bungarotoxinand-Cobratoxin). Compounds with low molecular weight (up to 1.5 KDa) include metals, peptides, lipids, nucleosides, carbohydrates, amines, and oligopeptides, which inhibit angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and raise bradykinin (BPP).Phosphodiesterasesinterfere with the preys cardiac system, mainly to lower theblood pressure.Phospholipase A2causeshemolysisby lysing thephospholipid stall membranesofred blood cells.amino group acidoxidase sandproteasesare used for digestion. Amino acid oxidase also triggers some other enzymes and is responsible for the yellow colour of the venom of some species.Hyaluronidaseincreases tissue permeability to accelerate absorption of other enzymes into tissues. Some snake venoms carry fasciculins, like themambas(Dendroaspis), which inhibitcholinesteraseto make the prey lose muscle control (22,23).The most lethal venoms are those of elapids and sea snakes. These toxins are rapidly absorbed into the blood stream thereby do rapid systemic effects. Large molecular weight viper toxins are absorbed slowly through lymphatics thereby staying longer at local site, hence more local effects. Pathophysiology of ophitoxemia is basically dependent on disruption of normal cellular functions. Some enzymes like hyaluronidase disseminate venom by breaking down tissue barriers. Ophitoxemia can lead to increase in vascular permeability thereby causing loss of blood and plasma volume in extravascular space . Collection of this fluid is responsible for edema and fluid loss, if significant it can lead to shock. Venom also has cytolytic effect leading to necrosis and secondary infection. Neurotoxic effect may lead to palsy, cardiotoxic effect can cause cardiac arrest and in like manner myotoxic or nephrotoxic effect can lead to rhabdomyolysis and renal failure. Ophitoxaemia also can lead to coagulation disturbances.Among the various species, the lethal dose of venom, for cobra is 120 mg, Krait 60 mg and for Russells viper and saw scaled viper is 150 mg respectively. But clinical features and outcomes are not predictable as every bite does not cause complete envenomation.Pathological effects of venom may not be noticed until about six hours (varying between 1.5-72 hours), and it may remain functionally active causing persistent coagulopathy even after three weeks of bite. Hence duration of antigenemia is an important determinant for the extent of pathological effect. It has been unequivo cally proved by poring over the venom levels by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), that effects due to envenomation depend on venom hours (i.e. Blood venom level x time go by between bite and institution of treatment) rather than blood levels alone. Hence with the same level of venom, features due to envenomation may become progressively severe with passage of time (14,20).There are four distinct types of venom effectsProteolyticvenomdismantles the molecular structure of the area surrounding and including the bite.Hemotoxicvenomsact on the flavor and cardiovascular system.Neurotoxicvenomacts on the nervous system and brain.Cytotoxicvenomhas a localized action at the site of the bite.Pathophysiology of various biological effects of snake envenomationThe following few paragraphs shall describe the biological effects of venom.(a) local anaesthetic Swelling Most viper bites cause local swelling at the site of bite, which starts within minutes of bite and massive swelling of the limb may develop within 48-72 hours. This is usually the result of hemorragins in the venom. This opens the endothelial pores resulting in escapism of plasma or whole blood. At times leakage may be so much that patient develops hypovolemic shock. This swelling is not due to any venous occlusion or infection. If the exudation is of whole blood, then later discoloration of the limb may develop. In contrast to Echis, in European adder V berus bites, spontaneous bleeding is rare but discolouration is common. Sometimes local swelling is delayed and compartment syndrome may result(10,13,17).(b) Local Necrosis In viper bites local necrosis appears late if at all and if it occurs, it is due to ischemia, mimicking dry gangrene. On the other hand in Cobra bite local necrosis appears early. Local swelling may develop after 2-3 hours but necrosis develops rapidly after that. It is due to cytolytic factors present in the venom and is a strong gangrene. As this dead tissue provides ideal se tting for anaerobes, hence the putrid smell. An early excision is warranted (13).(c) Non-specific early symptoms With bites of some vipers e.g. V berus, V xanthina, Australian elapids, some rattle snakes etca few symptoms are common. Vomiting, headache, abdominal pain, explosive diarrhea and collapse can occur. These features resolve in 30-60 minutes, suggesting activation of kinin system followed by ban of bradykinin (13,17).(d) Shock It can develop due to extensive volume leak from vessels in cases of viper bite. It can result even before a limb gets swollen. pulmonary intra vascular clotting, pulmonary edema and cardiac effects can be contributory factors for shock.(e) Spontaneous haemorrhage Haemorrhages can develop in patients with viper bites even age after the bite. These at times may be life threatening especially if they occur in brain. Local blisters at bite site appear to be depot of venom, which dont get targeted by anti snake venom. Therefore one must keep in mind the delayed absorption from bite site in patients who present with late bleeding manifestations despite having been given anti-snake venom a few days back.(f) Effect on Circulation Some viper venoms contain procoagulant activity which activates prothrombin to thrombin which in turn converts fibrinogen to fibrin while in others procoagulant venom may directly affect fibrinogen. This fibrin formed is susceptible to lysis unlike natural fibrin thus resulting in poorly clottable or non-clottable blood because of absent or very low levels of fibrinogen. It should be remembered that bleeding manifestations during envenomation are not generally due to coagulation disturbances but rather due to haemorrhagin. Platelet count may also be low though usually it is normal. Low platelet count is due to consumption of platelets in the repair of endothelial damage. Polymorphonuclearleucocytosis is common in all forms of envenomation especially severe envenomation. Both viper and elapidae bite may have hemolytic activity in vitro but abnormal hemolysis is rarely of clinical importance except probably in renal failure (13,17).(g) nephritic Failure Renal failure is a common manifestation of viperine envenomation especially where treatment has been delayed. On renal biopsy acute tubular necrosis is the commonest underlying lesion in 50-70% of cases and acute cortical necrosis (patchy / diffuse) has been found in 20-25% of cases. Hypovolemia and shock are the usual underlying mechanism. Other contributory factors are hemo/ myoglobinuria, hemolysis, associated sepsis and disseminated intravascular coagulation (24). glomerular lesions have also been described in snake bite cases. Merchant et al(25) have reported mesangial proliferation, splitting of basement membrane, swelling of endothelial cells and ballooning of glomerular capillaries, but the significance of these lesions in causing renal failure is not clear and is debatable. Seedat et al(26) reported two cases due to puff adder w ho developed oliguric renal failure and biopsy showed crescenticglomerulunephritis. Authors suspected hypersensitivity of venom as the cause. Occasional casesof severe glomerulonephritis related renal failure have been reported in the literature. Experimental studies carried out on the effect of Habu snake venom (found in Japan) has given some insight into understanding of the glomerular lesion. This venom contains hemorrhagin, like the venom of Echiscarinatus. Within 24 hours of injectant of this venom destruction of mesangium occurs resulting in ballooning of capillaries which become packed with red cells and fibrin giving an appearance of blood cysts. This is followed by proliferation of mesangial cells giving appearance of segmental proliferative glomerulonephritis. rarely crescents are observed. These studies provide evidence that these glomerular changes are due to vasculotoxic effects of hemorrhagin. However about tubular necrosis or cortical necrosis, the commonest lesion encountered in snake envenomation, there is no consensus that venom has any direct toxic effect in producing these lesions (27,28).(h) Neurotoxic effects Elapidae venom and sea snake venom cause neurotoxic effects due to neuromuscular intercept. Commonly affected muscles in elapidae bite are those of eye, tongue, throat and chest (leading to respiratory paralysis in severe envenomation). Neurotoxins are small molecular weight positively charged molecules with less antigenecity. Neuro- muscular blockade is produced by one of the following mechanisms. (a) spotlight synaptic block (Cobra) cobratoxin and alpha-bungarotoxins act similar to d-tubocurarine on the post synaptic membrane. There is no decrease in acetyl choline. Response to neostigmine is satisfactory. (b) Pre-synaptic blockade (Krait)beta- bungarotoxin acts like botulism toxin pre synaptically to block the neuro-muscular junction. Post junctional membrane remains sensitive to acetyl choline. The time required for neuromusc ular block varies with impulse traffic, therefore intense bodily activity shortens the interval between envenomation and neuromuscular block. Response to neostigmine is less satisfactory. It is important to note that these neurotoxins dont cross the blood brain barrier and therefore do not cause alteration in consciousness. Hence in case of altered sensorium an alternative cause should be found (23,29).(i) Cardiotoxic Effects Cardiotoxin (Cobra) acts on cell membrane of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle to produce paralysis and cardiac asystole. Cobramine B and cytoxin cause irreversible depolarization of cell membrane and systolic cardiac arrest. Hyperkalemia following massive hemolysis or rhabdomyolysis also depresses cardiac function.(j) Myotoxic Effects Although sea snake venom appears to be neurotoxic in animal experiments, the effects in man are primarily myotoxic. There is diffuse effect on all muscles though local effects at the site of bite are minimal. In humans bitten by sea snakes the findings are typical of generalized myopathic lesions in skeletal muscle. Damage to muscles- rhabdomyolysis and hyperkalemia resulting from it may be life threatening. Snake envenomation has so diverse effects that every system of the body is affected directly or indirectly (20,29).CONCLUSIONSince ancient times snakes have been worshiped, feared or loathed in India. It is a common and frequently devastating environmental and occupational disease, especially in rural areas of our country. India has the highest number of death to snake bite in the world. One of the major gaps in the battle against snakebite in India is the lack of qualitative work. Most Herpetology text books give snake identification data that is overtly complex and of little use to doctors. Snakes are misidentified by doctors in most cases where snake is brought to the hospital. Without the snake, identification based on symptomatology is clearly fraught with problems. The doctors should be assure d of discovery of a new poisonous snake, the Hump-nosed Pitviper (Hypnale Hypnale) which has no available antivenom at present. Community education, appropriate training of medical staff and better distribution of anti venom, especially in the states with the high prevalence, could reduce snakebite deaths in India.

Brief Survey of Psychology :: essays research papers

Psychology seems to be like the science of perception cancelled into prejudices. I know there is a lot more to it than that, alone that seemed to be what Kevin was focusing on. This does not mean bad prejudices like racial prejudices, but good ones like when I go to forty winks tonight I will brace up tomorrow. I believe I will wake up tomorrow because I woke up today, if I did not believe that I might produce a hard time getting to sleep since I would fear not waking up. So when people who saw a picture of a young girl, then they were shown a picture of some(prenominal) the old woman and the young girl together, they were very likely to fist see the young girl. I like to cogitate that I am fitting to think outside the package, but when told to draw four continuous lines through nine points in a box, my mind was unable to think outside that box Psychology is a power tool because it allows us to take a step back and look at the big picture of individual behavior. We be more able to notice behavior that we take for granted, such as blaming outside influence for our failures, and attributing our success to our own hard work. I would like to think that now people know they how they attribute success and failure, that they would change their ways, and give credit where credit is do, plus attempt to right there wrongs.A takings that I believe could be studied from a social psychologist perspective, is the Why do they hate us? ideology following September 11 2001. close believe they hate us because they desire our freedom, something for which we pride ourselves. Few people will even attempt to look for the real reasons, such as the 432 + governments we have overthrow since the Regan Administration or the arms we sell to tyrannical dictators. No it must be something good we did, because we scarcely see the good we do. Conversely we only see the bad they do, thats right the Koran is only about a Jihad and all the people in the middle east go against towel s, so thats why all the people in the middle east hate us, because the towels give them fevers, therefore they are crazy.

Geography Of Indonesia And Aus :: essays research papers

INDONESIA AND AUSTRALIA Indonesia and Australia are nations located southeast of Asia, separated by the Timor Sea and the Java Trench. Both have undergone challenges in economy, government, and demography that are both similar and quite different from the some other. Indonesia is the worlds most expansive archipelagic (fragmented) state (Blij 503) with multiple heritages and cultures. Australia has been slowly declining over the last(prenominal) century and continues to economically disintegrate. According to records kept on the economy, government, and demography, both Australia and Indonesia are continuing to be recognized as similar and distinct in their birth right.DEMOGRAPHY AND LAND STRUCTUREThe 275 million people of Indonesia are spread across the 13,000 islands it encompasses. It holds position as the fourth most populated nation in the world, containing a diversity of people including Javanese, Sudanese, Malays, and Balinese and other smaller groups which make up fifty- five percent of the population. Four of its largest islands are known as the Greater Sunda Islands. Jawa has the smallest knowledge domain but is largest in population density (with about 120 million), Sumatera is in the west across from Malaysia, Kalimantan (which shares land space with Malaysia on Borneo), and Sulawesi, which is also called Celebes, the wishbone cause island of the east. The fifth largest island is New Guinea, which is not primarily a part of Indonesian cultural ties although half of its western side of the island is under Indonesian control. Australia is approximately 10 times the size of Texas, with a population of eighteen million. 85 percent live in cities, with about 300,000 consisting in the Aboriginal population. Most of the population is difficult in the core area to the east and southeast, facing the Pacific Ocean. This area is more humid and extends between the Great Dividing Range and the east coast. The eastern, less thickly settled area consists of desert or steppe, which is not primary for living conditions but contains mineral deposits. RESOURCES AND PRODUCTIONIndonesia has a wide variety of natural resources, consisting of petroleum, palm oil, rubber, lumber, tin, coffee, tea, and other cash crops. However, the population continues on an upward climb that will have a doubling time of 43 years. This creates a much longer-term threat to the estates future than anything does else does. With this steep climb in population, the nation has already been forced to import large amounts of rice and wheat to feed its people.

Julius Caesar Essay: The Character of Brutus -- Julius Caesar Essays

The Character of Brutus in Julius Caesar Et tu Brute? Caesars simple statement sums up Brutus round character in the development of The Tragedy of Julius Caesar. Brutus was thought to represent no threat due to his nobility and his loyalty however, these qualities are precisely wherefore the story is such a catastrophe. What stemmed from these traits is the last expected outcome. Caesars surprise was so immense, he could only mutter these last few words. Brutus direct nobility, his loyal patriotism, and his nave and idealistic manner define Shakespeares tragic hero. Honor is an underlying foundation of Brutus and can be clearly seen during the plays dramatic speeches. Brutus himself makes his honor apparent in his orations. After the assassination of Caesar and during the funeral speech, Brutus asks the people of Rome, Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any, express for him I have offended(act III, sc ii, ln 29-32). This in Brutus proves he is noble as he cares and protects the welfare of the people and Rome as a whole. He is torn between his sense of duty with Rome and his friendship with Caesar. In the end however, he must rationalize his actions to save face and conform to both(prenominal) sides of his conflict. Furthermore, Brutus tries to prove his nobility to virtually everyone. When Brutus utters his last words, he tells Caesar his intentions, I killed thee with half so good a will(act V, sc v, ln 50-51). His honor is always retentive and never fails to prevail at even the most taxing and awkward situation. Brutus considers his honor in every aspect and choice in his life and a lot rules over his own accord. Accordingly, many people, including his enemies, were very m... ...t categorized with his honor, his loyalty to Rome, and his naive and idealistic disposition. Works Cited Bloom, Harold. William Shakespeares Julius Caesar. Chelsea House Publisher Connecticut, New York, & Pennsylvania. 1988, Pg. 33 - 36 Boyce, Charles. Sha kespeare A to Z. Roundtable Press, Inc. New York. 1990, Pg. 78 - 80 Durband, Alan. Shakespeare Made Easy Julius Caesar. Barrons Educational Series, Inc. New York. 1985. Ludowyk, E.F.C. Understanding Shakespeare. Cambridge University Press New York. 1962, Pg. 184 - 187 Morner, Kathleen & Rausch, Ralph. NTCs Dictionary of Literary Terms. National textual matter Company Illinois. 1991, Pg. 225 - 227 Shakespeare, William. Julius Caesar. Dover Publications, Inc. New York. 1991. http//student.cscc.edu/ENGL/Engl264/traglex.htm. Shakespearean Tragedy. 11-29-01. Yahoo.